Abstract
With ink and quill, in 1789 President George Washington wrote a heartfelt letter to Sultan Muhammad Ibn Abdullah in Morocco:
Great and Magnanimous Friend,
Since the date of the letter which the late Congress, by their President, addressed to your Imperial Majesty, the United States of America have thought proper to change their government and institute a new one, agreeable to the Constitutions, of which I have sent you a copy. The time necessarily employed in the arduous task, and the disarrangements occasioned by so great though peaceable a revolution, will apologize, and account for your Majesty’s not having received those regularly advised marks of attention from the United States which the friendship and magnanimity of your conduct toward them afforded reason to expect … It gives me great pleasure to have the opportunity of assuring Your Majesty that, while I remain at the head of this nation, I shall not cease to promote every measure that may conduce to the friendship and harmony which so happily subsist between your Empire and them, and shall esteem myself happy in every occasion of convincing Your Majesty of the high sense (which in common with the whole nation) I entertain the magnanimity, wisdom and benevolence of Your Majesty … May the Almighty bless Your Imperial Majesty, our Great and Magnanimous friend, with His constant guidance and protection.1
George Washington, 1789
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Notes
Frederick Rudolph, The American College and University (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990): 4.
Teresa Brawner Bevis and Christopher Lucas, International Students in American Colleges and Universities: A History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
Daniel Yergan, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Simon & Schuester, 1991). Also see www.pbs.org/wnet/extremeoil/history/1850.html
From notes taken by the Hon. Raymond A. Hare from the unpublished journal of Captain William Austin, which was in the possession of Austin’s granddaughter, Mrs. Samuel Stratton; also see Joseph T. Malone, “America and the Arabian Peninsula: The First Two Hundred Years,” Middle East Journal 30, no. 3 (Summer 1976): 407.
Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith and Fantasy (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2007): 22.
Lewis R. Scudder III, The Arabian Mission’s Story, Grand Rapids (Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1998): 7–8.
Dogan, Mahmet Ali, “Missionary Schools in the Ottoman Empire,” in Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters (New York: Facts On File, 2009), available at Modern World History Online, http://www.fofweb.com
A. L. Tibawi, “English and American Education for Arabs, 1900–1931, Arab Studies Quarterly 2, no. 3 (Summer 1980): 203–212.
Josiah Brewer, Residence at Constantinople (New Haven, CT: Durrie and Peck, 1830): 25, 65, 361, 370.
Florence Wilson, Near East Educational Survey (London: Hogarth Press, 1928): 12.
Daniel Oliver Newberry, “Taqarub through Education,” Middle East Journal 30, no. 3 (Summer 1976): 312.
Samuel M. Zwemer, Arabia, the Cradle of Islam (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1900): 357.
Ibid., 353.
American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions, The Missionary Herald at Home and Abroad, vol. 94 (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1898): 25–26.
Ibid.
Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt Diaries of a Boyhood and Youth (New York: Scribner, 1928): 276.
Ibid., 313.
A. Boyce, “Alborz College of Tehran and Dr. Samuel Martin Jordan,” in Cultural Ties between Iran and the United States, ed. A. P. Saleh (Tehran: Xlibris, 1976).
Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran—The Crisis of Democracy: From the Exile of Reza Shah to the Fall of Musaddiq (London: I. B. Tabiris, 2009).
William S. Little, “Florence Nightingale and Missionary Bread Making,” American Journal of Nursing 11, no. 5 (February 1911): 376–377.
Lawrence R. Murphy, The American University in Cairo, 1919–1987 (Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1987): 1.
Heather J. Sharkey, 2008, American Evangelicals in Egypt (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press): 154–167.
Judith Parrish, “Upwelling and Petroleum Source Beds, with Reference to Palezoic,” AAPG Bulletin 66, no. 6 (June 1982): 750–774.
H. St. J. B. Philby, American Oil Ventures (Washington, DC: The Middle East Institute, 1964): 125–127.
Ibid.
Ministry of Guidance and Information of Kuwait, Kuwait Today: A Welfare State (Nairobi, Kenya: Quality Publications, 1963): 101.
N. Marbury Efimenco, “Impact upon Middle East Leadership,” Political Science Quarterly 69, no. 2 (June 1954): 206.
Ibid., 209.
Aaron Segal, “Why Does the Muslim World Lag in Science?” Middle East Quarterly 3, no. 2 (June 1996): 61–70.
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© 2016 Teresa Brawner Bevis
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Bevis, T.B. (2016). Missionaries and Oil Barons. In: Higher Education Exchange between America and the Middle East through the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137568601_3
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