Abstract
“My heart is on fire,” John Ledyard wrote to his friend Thomas Jefferson. “I … do not think that mountains or oceans shall oppose my passage to glory.”1 The year was 1788 and Ledyard was about to become the first citizen from the newly independent United States of America to explore part of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and record his findings. At the request of Henry Beaufoy of London’s African Society, Ledyard was to travel the course of the Nile from Cairo to Sennar in the eastern Sudan, a long and treacherous journey never before attempted by a Westerner. He would return from his mission not only embattled and worn but also profoundly inspired, laden with journals spilling over with enthusiasm and the details of every observation.
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Notes
Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith and Fantasy (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007): 6.
Ibid., p. 10. Also see Joseph T. Malone, “America and the Arabian Peninsula,” Middle East Journal 30, no. 3 (Summer 1976): 407–408.
Michael H. Morgan, Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers and Artists (Des Moines, Iowa: National Geographic, 2008).
Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).
Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years (New York: Scribner, 1995): 24–25.
Ibid., 33.
Ibid., 32.
Tariq al-Jamil, Power and Knowledge in Medieval Islam: Shi’I and Sunni Encounters in Baghdad (London: I. B. Tauris, 2015).
Ibid., 102.
Ibid., 108–110.
Benjamin C. Fortna, Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
Emine O. Evered, Empire and Education under the Ottomans: Politics, Reform and Resistance from the Tanzimat to the Young Turks (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), Library of Ottoman Studies, Book 32.
Peter Mansfield, A History of the Middle East, 4th ed. (New York: Penguin Group, 2013): 169–188.
Steven P. Duggan, “The Syrian Question,” Journal of International Relations 11, no. 4 (April 1921): 579.
Ibid.
James Barr, A Line in the Sand (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012).
Justin McCarthy, The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
Mahmoud Abdullah Saleh, “Development of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia,” Higher Education 15, nos. 1–2 (1986): 17–23.
Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, and Salvatore Settis, The Classical Tradition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013).
H. A. Gibb, “The University in the Arab-Moslem World,” in The University Outside Europe, edited by Edward Bradley (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939): 281–297.
Ibid., 282.
F. R. Martin, The Miniature Paintings and Painters of Persia, India and Turkey (London: Bernard Quaritch, 1912).
Arthur McGrath, “The Position of the Arabs in Art and Literature,” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 72, no. 3742 (August 8, 1924): 649–664.
Lewis, The Middle East. 186. Also see Geert Jan Van Gelder, Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology (New York: New York University Press, 2012).
Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych, Early Islamic Poetry and Poetics (London: Ashgate, 2009): xiii.
Elizabeth W. Fernea and Basima Qattn Bezirgan, eds., Middle East Muslim Women Speak (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977–1984): 5.
Fatima Mernissi, Forgotten Queens of Islam (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).
Linda Komaroff, “The Art of the Umayyad Period (661–750),” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000), available at http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/umay/hd_umay.htm
Huzaifa Aliyu Jangebe, “Abu Muslim Al-Khurasani: The Legendary Hero of Abbasid Propaganda,” Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, no. 1, ver. III (January 2014): 5–13.
Philip K. Hitti, Capital Cities of Arab Islam (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1973): 184.
Kjetil Selvik and Stig Stenslie, Stability and Change in the Modern Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011).
Shaykh Akram Nadwi, Al-Muhaddithat: The Women Scholars in Islam (Oxford: Interface, 2013).
Margaret Smith, Al-Ghazali the Mystic, Archetype (London: Luzac, 1944).
Duncan B. MacDonald, “The Life of al-Ghazzali with Especial Reference to His Religious Experiences and Opinions,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 20 (1899): 71–132.
Ibid.
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Garden of Truth (New York: HarperOne, 2008).
Ibn Khaldun, al-Muqakkimah (Al-Qahirah: Al-Matbaah al-Amiriyah bi-Bulag, 1902).
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© 2016 Teresa Brawner Bevis
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Bevis, T.B. (2016). Antiquity. In: Higher Education Exchange between America and the Middle East through the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137568601_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137568601_1
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