Sex Hormones for Animals and Humans? Enhancement and the Public Expertise of Drugs in Post-war United States and France
- 67 Downloads
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the questions raised by the administration of DES to animals for food production, within the context of the DES medical affair and the public debates about the regulation of sex hormone prescription. The contrast in the development of this practice in the United States and France originates in the different roles public expertise played in each country. The chapter concludes that the different meanings thus given to human and animal enhancement — improvement versus augmentation — rest on a common ground. Agriculture and medicine are not two worlds apart: the same tools, techniques and sometimes personnel circulate between the two, thus making it possible to enhance both type of bodies at the boundary between the normal and the pathological.
Keywords
Human Enhancement Industrial Agriculture Vaginal Cancer Congressional Hearing Consumer PoliticsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Apfel R.J. (1956) ‘Hormones and Cancer’, New York Times, 29 January.Google Scholar
- Apfel R.J. (1958) ‘Bill on Food Additives Gains’, New York Times, 14 August.Google Scholar
- Apfel R.J. (1963) ‘Du poison dans votre assiette’, Libération, 11 December.Google Scholar
- Apfel R.J. (1971) ‘Les poisons de la table’, Le Nouvel Observateur, 29 November.Google Scholar
- Apfel R.J. (1972) ‘Un éleveur et un vétérinaire sont inculpés pour utilisation illégale de produits estrogènes’, Le Monde, 27 November.Google Scholar
- Apfel R.J. (1973) ‘Production industrielle de viande bovine aux USA’, L’élevage, n°1: p. 3.Google Scholar
- Apfel R.J. (1973) ‘DES Livestock Implants Are Prohibited by FDA Because of Cancer Link’, Wall Street Journal, 26 April.Google Scholar
- Apfel R.J. (1974) “Des craintes exagérées”, L’élevage bovin, n° 7: p. 4.Google Scholar
- Apfel R.J. and Fisher S.M., (1984) To Do No Harm, DES and the Dilemmas of Modern Medicine ( New Haven: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
- Bell S. (1980) The Synthetic Compound DES, 1938–1941: The Social Construction of a Medical Treatment ( PhD dissertation, Brandeis University).Google Scholar
- Bonah C. and Gaudillière J.P. (2007) ‘Faute, accident ou risque iatrogène? La régulation des évènements indésirables du médicament à l’aune des affaires Stalinon et Distilbène’ Revue Française des Affaires Sociales, n 3–4, 123–51.Google Scholar
- Brickman R., Jasanoff S. and Ilgen T. (1985) Controlling Chemicals: The Politics of Regulation in Europe and in the United States ( Ithaca: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
- Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring ( Boston: Houghton Mifflin).Google Scholar
- Daemmrich, A. (2004) Pharmacopolitics: Drug Regulation in the United States and Germany ( Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).Google Scholar
- Dieckmann W.J., Davis M.E., Rynkiewicz L.M. and Pottinger R.E. (1953) ‘Does the administration of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy have therapeutic value?’, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 66: 1062–81.Google Scholar
- Dunlap T.R. (1981) DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy ( Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
- Dutton D.B. (1988) Worse Than Disease: Pitfalls of Medical Progress ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Escoffier-Lambiotte C. (1983) ‘Une monumentale erreur médicale. Les enfants du distilbène’, Le Monde, 16 February.Google Scholar
- Ferrando R. (1980) ‘Les anabolisants stéroïdiques et non-stéroïdiques et l’élevage’, Bulletin de l’Académie Nationale de Médecine, 164: 568–72.Google Scholar
- Ferrando R. (1983) ‘Introduction’ in Anabolisants en production animale, International Symposium, Paris, 15–17 February: p. 12.Google Scholar
- Fillion E. and Torny D. (2016) ‘Un précédent manqué: le Distilbène et les perturbateurs endocriniens. Contribution à une sociologie de l’ignorance.’ Sciences sociales et Santé, spécial: Perturbateurs endocriniens (forthcoming).Google Scholar
- Gaudillière J.-P. (2005) ‘Better prepared than synthesized: Adolf Butenandt, Schering AG and the transformation of sex steroids into drugs’, Studies in History and Philosophy of the Biological and the Biomedical Sciences, 36: 612–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gaudillière J.-P. (2006) ‘Hormones at risk: cancer and the medical uses of industrially produced sex steroids in Germany, 1930–1960’, in Schlicht T. and Ströhler U. (eds.), Risk and Safety in Medical Innovation ( London: Routledge ), pp. 148–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gaudillière J.-P. (2010) ‘Food, drug and consumer regulation: the “meat, DES and cancer” debates in the United States’, in Cantor D., Bonah C. and Dörries M., Meat, Medicine and Human Health in the Twentieth Century ( London: Pickering and Chatto ), pp. 179–202.Google Scholar
- Gillespie B. Eva D. and Johnson R. (1984) ‘Carcinogenic risk assessment in the United States and Great Britain: the case of Aldrin/Dieldrin’, Social Studies of Science, 14: 265–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Greenwald P. Barlow J.J., Nasca P.J. and Burnett W.S. (1971) ‘Vaginal cancer after maternal treatment with synthetic estrogens’, New England Journal of Medicine, 285: 390–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hays S.P. (1987) Beauty, Health and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985, ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Herbst A.L., Ulefelder H. and Poskanzer D.C. (1971) ‘Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women’, New England Journal of Medicine, 284: 878–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Longgood W. (1960) The Poisons in Your Food ( New York: Simon and Schuster).Google Scholar
- Marcus A.I. (1986) Cancer from Beef. DES, Federal Food Regulation and Consumer Confidence ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).Google Scholar
- Marks L. (2001) Sexual Chemistry. A History of the Contraceptive Pill ( New Haven: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
- Meyers R. (1986) DES, The Bitter Pill ( New York: Putnam).Google Scholar
- Morgen S. (2002) In Our Own Hands: The Women’s Health Movement in the United States (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press).Google Scholar
- Nader R. (1965) Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile ( New York: Grossman Publishers).Google Scholar
- National Academy of Science Committee on Animal Nutrition, Subcommittee on Hormones (1959) Hormonal Relationship and Applications in the Production of Meats, Milk, and Eggs ( Washington DC: National Academy of Science).Google Scholar
- Pfeffer N. (1992) ‘Lessons from History: The Salutary Tale of Stilboestrol’ in Alderson, P. (ed.) Consent to Health Treatment and Research: Differing Perspectives ( London: Social Science Research Unit ).Google Scholar
- Proctor R. (1985) Cancer Wars ( New York: Basic Books).Google Scholar
- Rifkin J. (1992) Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture ( New York: Dutton).Google Scholar
- Seaman B. (1969) The Doctors’ Case against the Pill ( New York: P.H. Wyden).Google Scholar
- Shell O. (1984) Modern Meat ( New York: Random House).Google Scholar
- Silber N. (1983) Test and Protest: The Influence of Consumers Union ( New York: Random House).Google Scholar
- Temin P. (1980) Taking Your Medicine: Drug Regulation in the United States ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Truhaut R. and Ferrando, R. (1976) ‘Résultats de huit ans de recherches sur l’évaluation toxicologique des additives à l’alimentation animale par la méthode de la toxicité relais’. European Journal of Toxicology, 9: 413–22.Google Scholar
- Turner J.S. (1970) The Chemical Feast: Ralph Nader’s Study Group Report on the Food and Drug Administration ( New York: Grossman Publishers).Google Scholar
- US Congress (1958) ‘An Act to Protect the Public Health by Amending the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to Prohibit the Use in Food of Additives Which Have Not Been Adequately Tested to Establish Their Safety’, US Statutes, pp. 1784–9.Google Scholar
- US Congress (1962) Congressional Record 87th Congress II, p. 12713.Google Scholar
- US Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Government Operations, Hearings held on 11 November 1971, Regulation of DES, Testimony of C. Edwards, Commissioner FDA, Washington DC, Government Printing Office, 1972, pp. 49–54 and 76–84.Google Scholar
- US Congress, Senate, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Hearings held on 20 July 1972, Regulation of DES, Testimony of C. Edwards, FDA Commissioner, Washington DC, Government Printing Office, 1975, pp. 206–211.Google Scholar
- Vuillaume, R. (1975) ‘Des viandes aux hormones’, L’élevage, n° 3: p. 8.Google Scholar
- Vuillaume, R. (1983) ‘Oui aux anabolisants sans risque’, L’élevage bovin, n° 12: p. 7.Google Scholar
- Wade, N. (1972) ‘DES. A Case Study of Regulatory Abdication’, Science, 177: 335–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar