Abstract
I WOULD LIKE TO clarify the elements of this analysis.* First, during the period I will be dealing with, from 1825 to 1848, at the moment of the setting up and functioning of the great penal system to which the 1808 Code of criminal procedure (Code d’instruction criminelle) and the 1810 Penal Code had given the main lines, one thing is clear: we are in the midst of social war, which is not the war of all against all, but the war of rich against poor, of owners against those who have nothing, of bosses against proletarians.
The four elements of an analysis: 1. the constant, universal war internal to society; 2. a penal system that is neither universal nor univocal, but made by some for others; 3. the structure of universal superintendence (surveillance); 4. a system of confinement. (I) The content of the notion of civil war. (A) Civil war as resurgence of the war of all against all, according to Hobbes. (B) Distinction between civil war and war of all against all. New groups; examples of the Nu-pieds and the Luddite movement. (C) Politics as continuation of civil war. (II) The criminal’s status as social enemy. ∽ Knowledge effects: psychopathological or psychiatric hold on the criminal and deviance. ∽ Epistemic effects: sociology of criminality as social pathology. The criminal as connector, transcriber, exchanger.
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Notes
M. Bernard, “Discours à la Chambre des députés,” 23 November 1831, in Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860. Recueil complet des débats législatfs et politiques des Chambres françaises, deuxième série (Paris: Paul Dupont, 1889) vol. LXXII (from 23 November 1831 to 22 December 1831) p. 5.
N. H. Julius, Vorselungen über die Gefängnisskunde (Berlin: Stuhr, 1828) 2 volumes; Leçons sur les prisons, présentées en forme de cours au public de Berlin, en l’année 1827, trans., (vol. I), H. Lagarmitte (Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1831) p. 384.
N. H. Julius, Nord-amerikas sittliche Zustände, nach eigenen Anschauungen in den Jahren 1834, 1835 und 1836 (Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1839)
Tocqueville, Du système pénitentiaire aux États-Unis et de son application en France, suivi d’un appendice sur les colonies pénales et de notes statistiques (Paris: H. Fournier Jeune, 1833), 3rd edition expanded with the “Rapport de M. de Tocqueville sur le projet de loi de Réforme des prisons …” (Paris: Librairie de Charles Gosselin, 1845)
see A. Krebs, “Julius, Nikolaus Heinrich” in Neue Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 10, 1974, pp. 656–658.
see, M. Foucault, “L’œil du pouvoir,” interview with J.-P. Barou and M. Perrot, in J.-P. Barou, ed., Le Panoptique (Paris: Pierre Belfond, 1977) p. 9
English translation by Colin Gordon, “The Eye of Power” in M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977, ed., C. Gordon (Brighton: The Harvester Press, 1980) p. 146.
English translation by Graham Burchell, “Course Summary” in, Psychiatric Power. Lectures at the Collège de France, 1973–1974, English series editor, Arnold I. Davidson (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006) p. 346.
The seminar will result in the publication of B. Barret-Kriegel, A. Thalamy, F. Beguin, and B. Fortier, Les Machines à guerir. Aux origines de l’hôpital moderne (Brussels: Pierre Mardaga, “Architecture-Archives,” 1979).
Concerning Foucault’s references to the “spectacle,” see G. Debord, La Société du spectacle (Paris: Buchet/Chastel, 1967).
See Jean Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste Treilhard, ministre plénipotentiaire de la République au Congrès de Rastadt (Paris: Éd. Gaillon, 1939).
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed., C. B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968) ch. xiii, p. 187.
Foucault uses the French translation by François Tricaud, Le Léviathan. Traité de la matière, de la forme et du pouvoir de la république ecclésiastique et civile (Paris: Sirey, 1971)
With regard to these themes, Foucault also made use of the work of Paul Bois, especially, Paysans de l’Ouest. Des structures économiques et sociales aux options politiques depuis l’époque révolutionnaire dans la Sarthe (Le Mans: Mouton, 1960).
English translation by Graham Burchell, Security, Territory, Population. Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978, English series editor, Arnold I. Davidson (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 29–49; pp. 318–328; pp. 335–343.
See B. Porchnev, Les Soulèvements populaires en France de 1623 à 1648 (Paris: SEVPEN, “EPHE, VIe section/CRH. Œuvres étrangers,” 4, 1963) pp. 303–502.
O. Festy, Les Délits ruraux et leur répression sous la Révolution et le Consulat. Étude d’histoire économique (Paris: Librarne M. Riviere, “Bibliothèque d’histoire économique,” 1956)
M. Agulhon, La Vie sociale en Provence intérieure au lendemain de la Révolution (Paris: Société des études robespierristes, “Bibliothèque d’histoire révolutionnaire,” 1970)
Y.-M. Bercé, Croquants et Nu-pieds. Les soulèvements paysans en France du XVIe au XIXe siècle (Paris: Gallimard, “Archives,” 55, 1974) p. 161.
For a more recent work, see J.-L. Ménard, La Révolte des Nu-Pieds en Normandie au XVIIe siècle (Paris: Éd. Dittmar, 2005).
E. J. Hobsbawm, “The Machine Breakers,” Past and Present, 1, 1952, pp. 57–70.
On the writings of the Luddite movement, see K. Binfield, ed., Writings of the Luddites (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
See K. Navickas, “The Search for ‘General Ludd’: the Mythology of Luddism,” Social History, vol. 30(3), 2005, pp. 281–295
P. Minard, “Le retour de Ned Ludd. Le luddisme et ses interprétations,” Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, vol. 54(1), January-March 2007, pp. 242–257.
See C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (Livorno: 1764)
French translation by the abbé André Morellet, Traité des délits et des peines, traduit de l’italien, d’après la troisième édition, revue, corrigée et augmentés par l’Auteur (Lausanne, 1766)
Maurice Chevallier, with a Preface by Robert Badinter, Des délits etdes peines (Paris: Flammarion, 1991)
English translation Richard Davies with Virginia Cox and Richard Bellamy, “On Crimes and Punishments” in On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, ed., Richard Bellamy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
See B. E. Harcourt, “Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene” in Dictionnaire des grandes œuvres juridiques, ed., Olivier Cayl and Jean-Louis Halpérin (Paris: Dalloz, 2008) pp. 39–46.
See C. Beccaria, Des délits et des peines (1991 translation) “Avis au lecteur,” p. 57 (definition of the just and unjust in terms of “what is useful or harmful to society”)
W. Paley, “Of Crimes and Punishments,” Book IV, ch. IX, in The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (London: R. Faulder, 1785) p. 526
see L. Radzinowicz, A History of English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750, vol. 1: The Movement for Reform (London: Stevens and Sons, 1948) p. 231
See P. Artières, L. Quéro, M. Zancarini-Fournel, eds., Le Groupe d’information sur le prisons. Archives d’une lutte, 1970–1972 (Paris: Institut Mémoires de l’édition contemporaine/IMEC, 2003)
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Harcourt, B.E., Ewald, F., Fontana, A. (2015). 10 January 1973. In: Harcourt, B.E., Ewald, F., Fontana, A. (eds) The Punitive Society. Michel Foucault. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137532091_2
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