Abstract
The breaking up of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the apportioning of its former territory in the Fertile Crescent between France and Britain bequeathed to those two countries the task of carving viable nation-states out of that land for its religiously diverse inhabitants. The two colonial powers agreed that France would administer the central and northwestern part (comprising contemporary Syria, Lebanon, and part of southeastern Turkey) while Britain would administer the southern and eastern parts (comprising contemporary Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, and Sinai).
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Notes
See Hannibal Travis (2010) Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press)
Hannibal Travis (2006) “‘Native Christians Massacred’: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I,” Genocide Studies and Prevention , 1, No. 3, 327–71
Hannibal Travis (2011) “The Assyrian Genocide: A Tale of Oblivion and Denial” in René Lemarchand (ed.) Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Aso see David Gaunt (2006) Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press)
and Joseph Yacoub (1986) The Assyrian Question (Chicago, IL: Apha Graphics).
Leila Fawaz (1994) An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press), pp. 47–77.
Daniel Pipes (1989) “The Alawi Capture of Power in Syria,” Middle Eastern Studies , 25, pp. 434–37.
Ani Atamian Bournoutian (1997) “Cilician Armenia” in Rchard G. Hovannisian (ed.) The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century (New York: St. Martin’s Press), pp. 283–90.
Philip S. Khoury (1987) Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)
Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (1958) Syria and Lebanon under French Mandate (London: Oxford University Press).
Vartkes Yeghiayan (2007) British Reports on Ethnic Cleansing in Anatolia 1919–1922: The Armenian-Greek Section (Glendale, CA: Center for Armenian Remembrance), p. 249.
See also William C. King ([1922]2010) King’s Complete History of the World War 1914–1918 (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing), pp. 668–73, on Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=0NwLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA673&dq=cilicia+massacres+1921&hl=en , accessed May 29, 2015.
Gitta Yaffe and Uriel Dann (October 1993) “Suleiman al-Murshid: Beginnings of an Alawī Leader,” Middle Eastern Studies , 29, No. 4, pp. 624–40.
Faysal Darajj and Jamal Barūt (2006) Al-Ahzab wa al-Harakat wa al-Jamaat al-al-Islamiyya (Damascus: The Arab Center for Strategic Studies), p. 268.
Yvette Talhamy (March 2010) “The Fatwas and the Nusayries/Alawis of Syria,” Middle Eastern Studies , 46, No. 2, pp. 188–90.
See an account of a Jordanian member of the Muslim Brothers who was present at a different section of the prison during the execution: Muhammad Salim Hmad (1998) Tadmor: Shahed wa Mashhoud (n.c.: Markaz al-Dirasat al-Souriyya), p. 194.
Mark Tomass, “The Syrian Conflict Is Not about Democracy,” October 22, 2012, http://www.extension.harvard.edu/hub/blog/extension-blog/syrian-conflict-not-about-democracy. This article was inexplicably removed from Harvard’s website one year after its publication, but was cloned on the same date of publication at http://www.aina.org/news/20121022163331.htm.
Salman Shaikh, “Syria’s First Interim Prime Minister,” UpFront (blog), March 19, 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/03/19-syria-prime-minister-hitto-shaikh.
Abby Phillip, “A Useful Guy: Ford in Spotlight Amid Syrian Revolt,” Politico44 (blog), April 25, 2011, http://www.politico.com/politico44/perm/0411/a_useful_guy_528d2a43-3845-42b3-a9d1-c07b41fbf2fb.html.
Hanna Batatu (1999) Syria’s Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables and Their Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), pp. 38–52.
Bassam Haddad (2012) Business Networks in Syria: The Political Economy of Authoritarian Resilience (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), pp. 84–118.
See the official statistics in Safouh al-Shaykh Hussien (2007) “al-Batala fi Souriya 1994–2004,” accessed June 26, 2012, http://www.cbssyr.sy/studies/st7.pdf , pp. 18–19. This source also contains comprehensive statistics on an entire range of economic indicators relevant for the analysis of the political economy of the uprising.
“Syria Baath Party members Quit; Military Defections Reported,” Meris Lutz and Roula Hajjar, Los Angeles Times , April 29, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/29/world/la-fg-syria-defections-20110429.
Kayhan Barzegar (2008) “Iran and The Shiite Crescent: Myths and Realities,” The Brown Journal of World Affairs , Fall/Winter, 15, No. 1, pp. 87–99.
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Tomass, M. (2016). From the Arab Spring to the Revolt of the Sunna. In: The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict. Twenty-First Century Perspectives on War, Peace, and Human Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137525710_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137525710_10
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