Abstract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) is one of the most misunderstood and reviled philosophers of the 18th century. Rousseau was born in Geneva in 1712 to a family of middle-class connections, which was forced to flee Geneva when Rousseau was ten years old. After many years of an itinerant existence Rousseau fled to England to escape persecution. He was a hypochondriac and paranoiac, exacerbated by the fact that he was often ill and had many enemies. In 1762 with the publication of Émile and The Social Contract Rousseau was denounced both in France and Geneva for his unorthodox and heretical views on religion, despite describing himself as the only man in France who believed in God. From then on he lived a somewhat nomadic existence. In exile in England, accompanied by his beloved dog Sultan, Rousseau felt extremely vulnerable because of his dependency on David Hume. Rousseau’s views on a wide range of issues, including international relations, may be attributed to his morbid fear of dependency and his attachment to his dog Sultan astonished his acquaintances. David Hume commented that Rousseau’s affection for that creature is ‘above all expression and conception’.1 After Rousseau publicly vilified Hume, Hume described him as a ‘pernicious and dangerous’ man who ‘lies like the devil’.2 He died on 2 July 1778 at Ermenonville. During the French Revolution, hailed as a towering inspiration, his body was exhumed and transferred to the Panthéon.
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Notes
Cited in David Edmunds and John Eidinow, Rousseau’s Dog: A Tale of Two Great Thinkers at War in the Age of Enlightment (London: Faber and Faber, 2006), 5.
Hans-Georg Gadamer, Reason in the Age of Science (Boston: MIT press, 1982).
Kenneth N. Waltz, Man the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 6–7 and 165–86.
F. Melian Stawell, The Growth of International Thought (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1929), 140–168
and Howard P. Kainz (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives on Peace (London: Macmillan, 1987), 39. Also see the introduction by G. Lowes Dickinson to Rousseau’s, Project for Perpetual Peace, trans. E. M. Nuttall (London: Richard Cobden-Sanderson, 1927), xxii.
Stanley Hoffman, The State of War: Essays on the Theory and Practice of International Politics (New York: Praeger, 1965), 54–87.
Martha Nussbaum, ‘Women and the Law of Peoples’, Politics, Philosophy and Economics, 1 (2002), 287.
John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999), 10 and 13.
Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Government of Poland (1772), trans. Willmoore Kendall (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1985), 190.
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© 2016 David Boucher
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Boucher, D. (2016). The Dangers of Dependence: Sultan’s Conversation with His Master Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). In: Lebow, R.N., Schouten, P., Suganami, H. (eds) The Return of the Theorists. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137516459_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137516459_12
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
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