Conclusions

Abstract

This chapter draws the broad lessons of the crisis and explores its key implications for Ukraine, Russia and Europe. In its third decade of independence, Ukraine faces a significant geopolitical challenge in that the EU is somewhat ambivalent about Ukraine’s pro-European choice — while Russia is dead set against it. However it is clear that Ukraine is willing to now pursue its European aspirations despite the costs. This is an admittedly formidable challenge — not only because of the war but in particular due to the dire state of the economy and decayed state institutions. Whether or not Ukraine can sustain this integration choice in the face of significant challenges emanating from the East and West has yet to be seen. Nevertheless, faced with Russia’s coercive power, Ukraine has, after years of merely declaring a pro-European orientation, begun to display a new degree of assertiveness and single-mindedness in pursuing this course.