Abstract
UN Security Council Resolution 1835 marked the end of the first phase of the confrontation with Iran that had begun in July 2006 with the referral of the Iranian nuclear dossier and continued with sanctions voted in Resolutions 1737, 1747, and 1803. After the approval of Resolution 1835 in September 2008, the election of Barack Obama to the US presidency and the consequences of Iran’s June 2009 election opened a diplomatic window of opportunity that—despite the disclosure of Fordow’s enrichment plant in September 2009—culminated with the negotiations on the fuel-exchange deal for the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
The Iraq Study Group, Baker III, James A., and Lee H. Hamilton, The Iraq Study Group Report: The Way Forward—A New Approach, New York: Vintage, 2006;
“GW Hosts Secretaries of State in Historic Forum Offering Advice to the Next President,” George Washington University, October 2008, <http://www.gwu.edu/-bygeorge/oct08/secretaries.html>.
Gordon, Michael R., and Jeff Zeleny, “Obama Envisions New Iran Approach,” The New York Times, November 2, 2007, <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/ll/02/us/politics/02obama.html>.
Erdbrink, Thomas, “Ahmadinejad Congratulates Obama, Urges ‘Real’ Change,” The Washington Post, November 7, 2008, <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/06/AR200811060l486.html>.
Landler, Mark, “Clinton Wants to Include Iran in Afghan Talks,” The New York Times, March 6, 2009, <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/06/world/06diplo.html>.
Sadjadpour, Karim, “Setting the Scene: Iran’s Presidential Elections,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2, 2009, <http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/06/02/setting-scene-iran-s-presidential-s-elections/eif>.
McManus, Doyle, “Talking with Iran and Sending a Message,” Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2009, <http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/01/opinion/oe-mcmanusl>.
Black, Ian, “US-Educated Scientist to Lead Iranian Atomic Energy Drive,” The Guardian, July 17, 2009, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/17/iran-ali-akbar-salehi>.
Albright, David, and Paul Brannan, “Critique of Recent Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Article on the Fordow Enrichment Plant,” ISIS Report, November 30, 2010, <http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/Critique_BAS_Article_30Nov2009.pdf>;
Barzashka, Ivanka, and Ivan Oelrich, “Response to Critiques Against Fordow Analysis,” FAS Strategic Security Blog, December 16, 2009, <http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2009/12/response-to-critiques-against-for-dow-analysis.php#more-2394>.
Rozen, Laura, “When Iran’s Saeed Jalili Met One-on-One with US Diplomat Bill Burns,” The Back Channel, May 22, 2013, <http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index,php/2013/05/5286/when-iran-presidential-candidate-saeed-jalili-met-with-us-diplomat-bill-burns/>.
Gaietta, Michele, “Iran e P5+1: Le Condizioni Tecniche Di Un Possibile Accordo,” Aspenia Online, December 22, 2010, <http://www.aspeninstitute.it/aspenia-online/article/iran-e-p51-le-condizioni-tecniche-di-un-possibile-accordo>.
Worth, Robert F., “Iran Avows Willingness to Swap Some Uranium,” The New York Times, December 13, 2009, <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/world/middleeast/13iran.html>.
Fitzpatrick, Mark, “The Fragile Promise of the Fuel-Swap Plan,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 52, no. 3, June–July 2010, pp. 67–94.
Sanger, David E., Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power, New York: Crown, 2012, p. 196;
Lewis, Jeffrey, “On Spinning Libyan Centrifuges,” Arms Control Wonk, January 26, 2008, <http://lewis.arm-scontrolwonk.com/archive/3551/on-spinning-libyan-centrifuges>;
Lewis, Jeffrey, “US Spinning Libyan Centrifuges,” Arms Control Wonk, February 15, 2011, <http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1780/us-spinning-libyancentrifuges>.
Sanger, David E., “Obama Order Speed Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran,” The New York Times, June 1, 2012, <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?pagewanted=all>;
Albright, David, Paul Brannan, and Christina Walrond, “Stuxnet Malware and Natanz: Update of ISIS December 22, 2010 Report,” ISIS Reports, February 15, 2010, <http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/stuxnet-malware-and-natanz-update-of-isis-december-22-2010-reportsupa-hrefl/>.
International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Stuxnet: Targeting Iran’s Nuclear Programme,” Strategie Comments, Vol. 17, no. 2, 2011, pp. 1–3.
Falliere, Nicolas, Liam O. Murchu, and Eric Chien, “W32.Stuxnet Dossier,” Symathec, February 2011, p. 45, <http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf>.
Erdbrink, Thomas, “Ahmadinejad: Iran’s Nuclear Program Hit by Sabotage,” The Washington Post, November 29, 2010;
Nasseri, Ladane, “Ahmadinejad Confirms Several Iran Centrifuges Affected by Computer Virus,” Bloomberg, November 29, 2010, <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-29/ahmadinejad-confirms-several-iran-centrifuges-affected-by-computer-virus.html>.
Bell, Randolph, “Targeting Iran? The Mahdi Malware Mystery,” IISS Experts Commentary, August 3, 2012, <http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-experts-commen-tary/targetting-iran-the-mahdi-malware-mystery/>;
“Iran’s N. Facilities Vaccinated Against Malwares,” Ears News Agency, September 23, 2012, <http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=910624l772>;
“Iran Uncovers Espionage Virus,” BBC News, April 25, 2011, <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13188351>.
Hosseinian, Zahra, “Iran: ‘Massive Cyber Attack’ Detected on Nuclear Facilities,” Msnbc.com, June 21, 2012, <http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47907780/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/iran-massive-cyber-attack-detected-nuclear-facilities/>.
Dahl, Fredrik, “Iran Says Saboteurs Cut Power to Nuclear Plant,” Reuters, September 17, 2012, <http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/17/us-nuclear-iran-iaea-idUSBRE88GlAB20120917>.
Putz, Ulrike, “Mossad Behind Tehran Assassinations, Says Source,” Spiegel Online, February 8, 2011, <http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/sabotag-ing-iran-s-nuclear-program-mossad-behindtehran-assassinations-says-source-a-777899.html>;
“Iran Shooting Victim Was Student, Not Nuclear Scientist,” Huffington Post, July 23, 2011, <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/23/darioush-rezaei-iranian-nuclear-physicist_n_907757.html>.
Raviv, Dan, and Yossi Melman, Spies Against Armageddon, First edition, New York: Levant Books, 2012, p. 11.
Worth, Robert F., and Artin Afkhami, “Iran Mourns Missile Commander Killed in Blast,” The New York Times, November 14, 2011, <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/15/world/middleeast/iran-mourns-missile-commander-killed-in-blast.html>.
Markon, Jerry, and Karen DeYoung, “Iranian Charged in Terror Plot,” The Washington Post, October 11, 2011, <http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/2011/10/11/gIQAiaYxcL_story.html>.
Pomeroy, Robin, “Iranian Protesters Storm British Diplomatic Compounds,” Reuters, November 29, 2011, <http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/29/us-iran-britain-embassy-idUSTRE7AS0X720111129>.
Solingen, Etel, ed., Sanctions, Statecraft, and Nuclear Proliferation, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 310.
Gladstone, Rick, “Iran’s Rial Plummets Against the Dollar,” The New York Times, October 1, 2012, <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/world/middleeast/irans-rial-plummets-against-the-dollar.html>.
Ghajar, Shayan, “Khamenei’s Rebuke to Ahmadinejad Gains Widespread Support,” insidelRAN, September 8, 2010, <http://www.insideiran.org/critical-comments/khamenei%E2%80%99s-rebuke-to-ahmadinejad-gains-widespread-support/>.
Sinaiee, Maryam, “Ahmadinejad Angers Parliament,” The National, September 9, 2010, <http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/ahmadinejad-angers-parliament>.
Sadjadpuor, Karim, “The Rise and Fall of Iran’s Ahmadinejad,” Washington Post, July 13, 2011, <http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2011107113/rise-and-fall-of-iran-s-ahmadinejad/810e>.
Ghajar, Shayan, “Khamenei Attempts to Calm Rising Tension Between Ahmadinejad and IRGC,” insidelRAN, July 5, 2011, <http://www.insideiran.org/media-analysis/khamenei-attempts-to-calm-rising-tension-between-ahmadinejad-and-irgc/>.
Worth, Robert R, “In Iran Rivalry, Khamenei Takes on Presidency Itself,” The New York Times, October 26, 2011, <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/world/middleeast/in-iran-rivalry-khamenei-takes-on-presidency-itself.html>.
Quinton, Sophie, “Oman Foots $1 Million Bail to Free U.S. Hikers,” The Atlantic, September 22, 2011, <http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/oman-foots-1-million-bail-to-free-us-hikers/245480/>.
Ferguson, Charles D., and Ali Vaez, “An Iranian Offer Worth Considering,” The New York Times, September 29, 2011, <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/opinion/30iht-edvaez30.html>.
Crail, Peter, “P5+1 and Iran Hold ‘Positive’ Talks,” Arms Control Association, May 2, 2012, <https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_05/P5_plus_one_and_Iran_Hold_Positive_Talks>.
Barry, Ellen, and Rick Gladstone, “Setback in Talks on Iran’s Nuclear Program,” The New York Times, June 19, 2012, <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/world/middleeast/tense-iran-nuclear-talks-resume-in-moscow.html<.
Rezaian, Jason, “In Speech, Ahmadinejad Reiterates Willingness for Direct Talks with U.S.,” The Washington Post, February 11, 2013, <http://www.wash-ingtonpost.com/world/ahmadinejad-addresses-iran/2013/02/10/3b2l47c8-737d-11e2-9889-60bfcbb02149_story.html>.
Sanger, David E., and James Risen, “Iran’s Slowing of Enrichment Efforts May Show It Wants Deal,” The New York Times, December 27, 2012, <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/28/world/middleeast/irans-slowing-of-enrichment-efforts-may-show-it-wants-deal.html>.
Takeyh, Ray, “A First Step with Iran,” The New York Times, January 25, 2013, <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/opinion/a-first-step-with-iran.html>.
Charbonneau, Louis, and Hafezi Parisa, “Special Report: Iran, the United States and ‘the Cup of Poison,’” Reuters, June 12, 2013, <http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/12/us-iran-negotiations-specialreport-idUSBRE95B06B20130612>.
Rozen, Laura, “US, Iran Nuclear Teams to Istanbul for Technical Talks,” The Back Channel, March 15, 2013, <http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index. php/2013/03/4760/iran-p 51-nuclear-experts-head-to-istanbul-technical-talks/>.
Davenport, Kelsey, “History of Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue,” Arms Control Association, May 14, 2014, <https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Iran_Nuclear_Proposals>.
Peterson, Scott, “Nuclear Talks: Iran Unmoved by World Powers’ Latest Proposal.” Christian Science Monitor, March 19, 2013, <http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0319/Nuclear-talks-Iran-unmoved-by-world-powers-latest-proposal>;
Rozen, Laura, “‘Most Substantive’ Iran Nuclear Talks to Date, but Narrow Area of Agreement,” The Back Channel, March 26, 2013, <http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2013/03/4872/most-substantive-talks-with-iran-in-istanbul-but-narrow-area-of-agreement/>.
Copyright information
© 2015 Michele Gaietta
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gaietta, M. (2015). Negotiations and Pressures (2008–12). In: The Trajectory of Iran’s Nuclear Program. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137508256_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137508256_9
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-57841-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-50825-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political Science CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)