Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Anthropology, Change and Development Series ((ACD))

  • 453 Accesses

Abstract

Overseas migration from Bangladesh has grown rapidly over the last 30 years, involving around 8.4 million workers between 1976 and 2012. From about 50,000 in the 1980s, about 200,000–250,000 workers emigrated annually during 1992–1993 to 2004–2005. This figure stood at approximately 600,000 in 2011–2012 (http://www.bmet.gov.bd/BMET, accessed on 18 June 2013). Revenues from remittances, at a record high of USD 11 billion in 2010, now exceed various types of foreign exchange inflows, particularly official development assistance and net earnings from exports (http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/bangladesh, accessed on 6 November 2011). It is not surprising that 90 per cent of migrants remit regularly, as earning an income is the main purpose of the largely contract labour migration from Bangladesh (Orozco, 2010).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahmed, M., Ahmed K. S., Khan, N. I. and R. Ahmed (2007) Access to Education in Bangladesh: Country Analytic Review of Primary and Secondary Education. Dhaka: BRAC University – Institute of Educational Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appadurai, A. (2004) “The Capacity to Aspire: Culture and the Terms of Recognition”, in V. Rao and M. Walton (eds.) Culture and Public Action. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 59–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakewell, O. (2008) “‘Keeping them in their Place’: The Ambivalent Relationship between Development and Migration in Africa”, Third World Quarterly 29(7): 1341–1358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basheer, K. P. M. (2004) “The Gulf Wife Syndrome”, in M. Rao (ed.) The Unheard Scream: Reproductive Health and Women’s Lives in India. New Delhi: Zubaan, pp. 148–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2009) Updated Poverty Map of Bangladesh, http://www.bbs.gov.bd/PageWebMenuContent.aspx?MenuKey=137, accessed on 24 June 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bey, M. (2003) “The Mexican Child: From Work with the Family to Paid Employment”, Childhood 10(3): 287–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training (BMET) (2013) http://www.bmet.gov.bd/BMET/viewStatReport.action?reportnumber=37, accessed on 19 June 2013.

  • Boehm, D. A. (2008) “‘Now I Am a Man and a Woman!’: Gendered Moves and Migrations in a Transnational Mexican Community”, Latin American Perspectives 35(1): 16–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. and J.-C. Passeron (1977) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London and Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bredl, S. (2011) “Migration, Remittances and Educational Outcomes: The Case of Haiti”, International Journal of Educational Development 31: 162–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryceson, D. F and U. Vuorela (eds.) (2002) Transnational Families. Oxford: Berghahn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco, L. N. (2010) “Transnational Family Life among Peruvian Migrants in Chile: Multiple Commitments and the Role of Social Remittances”, Journal of Comparative Family Studies 41(2): 187–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charsley, K. (2005) “Unhappy Husbands: Masculinity and Migration in Transnational Pakistani Marriages”, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11(1): 85–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, S. R. (1996) “Intra-household Exchange Relations: Explanations for Gender Differentials in Education and Migration Outcomes in Thailand”, University of Washington, Seattle Population Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haas, H. (2005) International Migration, Remittances and Development: Myths and Fact. Geneva: Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dube, L. (1997) Women and Kinship: Comparative Perspectives on Gender in South and South-East Asia. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edholm, F., O. Harris and K. Young (1977) “Conceptualising Women”, Critique of Anthropology 3(9/10): 101–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engels, F. (1972 [1884]) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuron, G. and N. Glick Schiller (2001) “All in the Family: Gender, Transnational Migration, and the Nation-State”, Identities 7(4): 539–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, K. (2009) “Lives in Motion: The Life-Course, Movement and Migration in Bangladesh”, Journal of South Asian Development 4(2): 229–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, K. and Z. Ahmed (2009) “Degrees of Separation: Informal Social Protection, Relatedness and Migration in Biswanath, Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Studies 45(1): 124–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldring, L. (2004) “Family and Collective Remittances to Mexico: A Multidimensional Typology”, Development and Change 35(4): 799–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffery, P., R. Jeffery and C. Jeffrey. (2008) “Disputing Contraception: Muslim Reform, Secular Change and Fertility”, Modern Asian Studies 42(2/3): 519–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jha, S., G. Sugiyarto and C. Vargas-Silva (2010) “The Global Crisis and the Impact on Remittances to Developing Asia”, Global Economic Review 39(1): 59–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kandiyoti, D. (1998) “Gender, Power and Contestation: ‘Rethinking Bargaining with Patriarchy’”, in C. Jackson and R. Pearson (eds.) Feminist Visions of Development: Gender Analysis and Policy. London: Routledge, pp. 135–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunz, R. (2008) “ ‘Remittances are Beautiful’? Gender Implications of the New Global Remittances Trend”, Third World Quarterly 29(7): 1389–1409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurien, P. A. (2002) Kaleidoscopic Ethnicity: International Migration and the Reconstruction of Community Identities in India. NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P. (1998) “Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion”, International Migration Review 32: 926–948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindisfarne, N. (1994) “Variant Masculinities, Variant Virginities: Rethinking ‘Honour and Shame’ ”, in A. Cornwall and N. Lindisfarne (eds.) Dislocating Masculinities: Comparative Ethnographies. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 82–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, C. and H. X. Zhang (2009) “Missing Links between Migration and Reproduction in Vietnam and China”. DEV Working Papers14. Norwich: School of International Development: 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Cordova, E. (2006) “Globalisation, Migration and Development: The Role of Mexican Migrant Remittances”, Working Paper20. Integration and Regional Programs Department. Inter-American Development Bank: Buenos Aires.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, D. and H. Rapoport (2007) “Network Effects and the Dynamics of Migration and Inequality: Theory and Evidence from Mexico”, Journal of Development Economics 84(1): 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meillasoux, C. (1981) Maidens, Meal and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moldenhawer, B. (2005) “Transnational Migrant Communities and Education Strategies Among Pakistani Youngsters in Denmark”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31(1): 51–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshid, K. A. S., K. Iqbaland M. Ahmed (2002) A Study on Remittance Flows and Utilisation. Dhaka: International Organisation for Migration Regional Office for South Asia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orozco, M. (2010) “Migration, Remittances and Assets in Bangladesh: Considerations about Their Intersection and Development Policy Recommendations”, Report commissioned by the International Organization of Migration, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/Migration%20Remittances%20and%20Assets_Bangladesh_final%20appendix.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osella, C. and F. Osella (2006) Men and Masculinities in South India. London: Anthem Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osella, F. and C. Osella (2000) “Migration, Money and Masculinity in Kerala”, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6(1): 117–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, K. B. (2010) “Transnational Family Ties, Remittance Motives, and Social Death among Congolese Migrants: A Socio-Anthropological Analysis”, Journal of Comparative Family Studies 41(2): 225–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N. (2009) “Gender Differences in Migration Opportunities, Educational Choices and Wellbeing Outcomes”. Brighton: Development Research Centre on Globalisation, Migration and Poverty, University of Sussex: 73, http://www.migrationdrc.org/publications/research_reports.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N. (2012a) “Breadwinners and Homemakers: Migration and Changing Conjugal Expectations in Rural Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Studies 48(1): 26–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N. (2013) “Migration. Mobility and Changing Power Relations: Aspirations and Praxis of Bangladeshi Migrants”, Gender, Place and Culture, DOI: 10.1080/0966369X.2013.810600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N. and M. I. Hossain (2011) “Confronting Poverty and Educational Inequalities: Madrasas as a Strategy for Contesting Dominant Literacy in Rural Bangladesh”, International Journal of Educational Development 31(6): 623–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N. and M. I. Hossain (2012) “‘I Want to Be Respected’: Migration, Mobility and the Construction of Alternate Educational Discourses in Rural Bangladesh”, Anthropology and Education Quarterly 43(4): 415–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reader, Soran (2007) “The other side of agency”, Philosophy 82: 579–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shafiq, M. N. (2009) “A Reversal of Educational Fortune? Educational Gender Gaps in Bangladesh”, Journal of International Development 21: 137–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, K. (2010) “The Impact of Remittances on Economic Insecurity”, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 11(4): 555–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shehabuddin, E. (2008) “Jamaat-i-Islami in Bangladesh: Women, Democracy and the Transformation of Islamic Politics”, Modern Asian Studies 42(2/3): 577–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, T. (2005) “International Labour Migration from Bangladesh: A Decent Work Perspective”.Working Paper No. 66. Geneva: International Labour Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, T and C. R. Abrar (2003) “Migrant Worker Remittances and Micro-Finance in Bangladesh,” Social Finance Programme, Working paper No. 38. Dhaka, Bangladesh: International Labour Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stichter, S. (1985) Migrant Laborers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thai, H. C. (2012) “Low-Wage Vietnamese Immigrants, Social Class and Masculinity in the Homeland”, in M. Ford and L. Lenore (eds.) Men and Masculinities in Southeast Asia. London: Routledge, pp. 56–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thangarajah, C. Y. (2003) “Veiled Constructions: Conflict, Migration and Modernity in Eastern Sri Lanka,” Contributions to Indian Sociology 37(1/2): 141–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF (2011) The State of the World’s Children 2011: Adolescence – An Age of Opportunity. New York: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, J. L. (2006) “Geographies of Cultural Capital: Education, International Migration and Family Strategies Between Hong Kong and Canada”, Trans. Institute British Geographers NS 31: 179–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank, The. (2011) Migration and Remittances Factbook. Washington D.C.: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeoh, B. (2009) “Making Sense of ‘Asian’ Families in the Age of Migration”, Asian Population Studies 5(1): 1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zarate-Hoyos, G. A. (2004) “Consumption and Remittances in Migrant Households: Toward a Productive Use of Remittances”, Contemporary Economic Policy 22(4): 555–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Nitya Rao

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rao, N. (2015). Transnational Remittances and Gendered Status Enhancement in Rural Bangladesh. In: Hoang, L.A., Yeoh, B.S.A. (eds) Transnational Labour Migration, Remittances and the Changing Family in Asia. Anthropology, Change and Development Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137506863_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics