Abstract
At the outset of George Eliot’s Middlemarch (1872), Dorothea Brooke declares: ‘“I mean to give up riding. I shall not ride any more”’.1 Set in the First Reform era (1829–32), Middlemarch’s representation of transport and transportation takes a retrospective look at the moment in nineteenth-century England when debate around the relative value of organic versus machine power was at its height. When Dorothea renounces horseback riding in an extravagant surrender to her own peculiar brand of asceticism, she transforms the horse from a mode of transportation into a vehicle of communication replete with symbolic significance that resonates with tensions of class and gender. At the same time, Dorothea’s denial of riding points to the tarnish on the ‘aura’ of the animal that was once a fundamental presence in local relations. That denial is thus first and foremost a reminder of the lingering presence in the nineteenth century of the traditional relationship in Greek thought between technē (art and craft) and poiēsis (making and creating) as well as of the tensions that were developing in the industrial era within the very concept of technology. Nowhere is this technological uncertainty more evident than in late nineteenth-century fictional representations of, and responses to, transport.
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Notes
George Eliot, Middlemarch, 1872, ed. W. J. Harvey (New York: Penguin, 1984), 40.
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 9.
Martin Heidegger, ‘The Question Concerning Technology’, in The Question Concerning Technology, and Other Essays, trans. William Lovitt (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 3–35, 13.
Michael Freeman, Railways and the Victorian Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 57.
Jill Matus, Shock, Memory and the Unconscious in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 83–104.
Laura Otis, Networking: Communicating with Bodies and Machines in the Nineteenth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 84–92.
Nicholas Daly, Literature, Technology, and Modernity, 1860–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 10–55.
Cary Wolfe, Animal Rites: American Culture, the Discourse of Species and Posthumanist Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 6.
Plato, Phaedrus, trans. James H. Nichols Jr. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
Charles L. Griswold Jr. Self-Knowledge in Plato’s Phaedrus (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 59.
Jennifer Mason, ‘Animal Bodies: Corporeality, Class, and Subject Formation in The Wide, Wide World’, Nineteenth-Century Literature 54.4 (2000): 503–33, 511.
Gina M. Dorré, Victorian Fiction and the Cult of the Horse (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 10.
Kristen Guest, ‘Black Beauty, Masculinity, and the Market for Horseflesh’, Victorians Institute Journal 38 (2010): 9–22, 12.
Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 125–66.
Nancy Henry, George Eliot and British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 103.
Henry Staton, ‘Is Middlemarch Ahistorical?’ PMLA 115.5 (2000): 991–1005;
David C. Itzkowitz, ‘Fair Enterprise or Extravagant Speculation: Investment, Speculation, and Gambling in Victorian England’, in Victorian Investments: New Perspectives in Finance and Culture, eds. Nancy Henry and Cannon Schmitt (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009), 98–119.
W. J. Gordon, The Horse World of London (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1893), 113.
Frank E. Huggett, Carriages at Eight: Horse-Drawn Society in Victorian and Edwardian Times (Norfolk: Lutterworth Press, 1979), 10.
Gillian Beer, Darwin’s Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot, and Nineteenth-Century Fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 141–2.
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© 2015 Margaret Linley
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Linley, M. (2015). The Living Transport Machine. In: Gavin, A.E., Humphries, A.F. (eds) Transport in British Fiction. Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137499042_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137499042_6
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