Abstract
Leadership is the art of putting others frst and giving of oneself to a cause greater than one’s own progress or proft. In order to become a ft instrument of “giving of self to others,” one must frst undergo a process of complete self-purifcation and self-transformation following strict self-discipline. Self-discipline involves three related aspects of self-control—the ability to resist temptation, the ability to tolerate delay of gratifcation, and the imposing of strict standards of accomplishment upon oneself. Essentially, it entails the conservation of energy so that it can be rechannelized in harnessing self-awareness. Such self-discipline became the hallmark of Gandhi’s pedagogy of transformation of character and he achieved it through various practices such as prayer, vows, fasting, and confession. In his own words: “The call to lead India did not come to me in the nature of a sudden realization. I prepared for it by fasting and self-discipline.”1
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Notes
M. K. Gandhi, Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, 1994), Vol. 48, p. 63.
Harijan (August 29, 1936), as quoted in Nirmal Kumar Bose, Selections from Gandhi: Encyclopedia of Gandhi’s Thoughts (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1950), 49.
Quoted in Richard Attenborough (Producer and Director), Gandhi (Culver City, California: Columbia Pictures, 1983). This quote occurs in the following conversation: Margaret Bourke-White: So you really are going to Pakistan then? You are a stubborn man. Gandhi: I’m simply going to prove to Hindus here and Muslims there that the only devils in the world are those running around in our own hearts. And that is where all our battles ought to be fought. Margaret Bourke-White: So what kind of a warrior have you been in that warfare? Gandhi: Not a very good one. That’s why I have so much tolerance for the other scoundrels of the world. Accessed February 12, 2015, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083987/ quotes.
The path of self-realization is often described as sharp as the edge of a razor. This analogy occurs in one of the most important wisdom texts, Kathopanisad (1.3.14): Arise, awake, and learn by approaching the exalted ones, for that path is sharp as a razor’s edge, impassable, and hard to go by, say the wise. See: V. Panoli, trans., Prasthanathraya Volume II: Isa, Kena, Katha and Mandukya Upanishad with the Karika of Gaudapada (Kochi, India: Mathrubhumi MM Press, 2006).
Young India (October 23, 1924), as quoted in Bose, Selections from Gandhi, 299.
Young India (December 31, 1931), as quoted in Bose, Selections from Gandhi, 6.
Young India (December 31, 1931), 427, as quoted in Bose, Selections from Gandhi, 7.
Swami Paramarthananda, Ten Commandments: The Do’s and Don’ts of Hinduism: Transcription of New Year 2000 Talk. Retrieved: October 5, 2014, http://www.vedanta.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/SwParam_ NY2000_10-Commandments_ENA4.pdf.
Cited in Raghavan Iyer, The Essential Writings of Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Oxford University Press/Oxford India Paperbacks, 2012), 69.
Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood, How to Know God: The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali (Hollywood, CA: Vedanta Society, 1953/2007), 148–149.
Mohandas K. Gandhi, Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth (New York: Dover Publications, 1983), 453.
M. K. Gandhi, From Yeravda Mandir: Ashram Observances (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1932), p. 2. (Gandhi referred to Yeravda prison [where he was interned by the British] as a “temple,” mandir).
Cited in Haridasa Bhattacaryya, The Cultural Heritage of India: Itihasas, Puranas, Dharma and other sastras (Madras, India: Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture, 1962), 343.
Stephen Murphy, Brief Outline of Gandhi’s Philosophy, adapted from: Why Gandhi is Relevant in Modern India: A Western Gandhian’s Personal Discovery, Gandhi Peace Foundation (New Delhi: Academy of Gandhian Studies, Hyderabad, 1991). Retrieved: October 16, 2014. http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/brief_philosophy/brief_ philosophy.html.
Juan Mascaro, translated and selected, The Upanishads (New York: Penguin Books, 1965/1979), 49.
Thomas Weber, “Gandhi’s Moral Economics: The Sins ofWealth Without Work and Commerce Without Morality,” in Judith M. Brown and Anthony Parel, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 138.
Eknath Easwaran, The Upanishads, Translated for the Modern Reader (Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press, 1987), 205.
Y. P. Anand and Mark Lindley, “Gandhi on Providence and Greed.” Retrieved February 12, 2015: http://www.academia.edu/303042/ Gandhi_on_providence_and_greed. There is enough for everyone’s need, not enough for everyone’s greed: This alleged statement is a distorted version of a remark attributed to Gandhi by a firsthand witness, Pyarelal, in a chapter entitled “Towards New Horizons” in Part II of Mahatma Gandhi—The Last Phase (1958 and later editions). Retrieved: October 10, 2014, http://www.academia.edu/303042/Gandhi_on_ providence_and_greed.
Gandhi, “What is Brahmacharya,” Young India (June 5, 1924)
M. K. Gandhi, The Law of Continence: Brahmacharya, ed. Ananda T. Hingorani (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1964), 18.
Tridip Suhrud, “Why Read Gandhi between His Sheets?” Tehelka Magazine, 8(15) (April 16, 2011). Retrieved: February 13, 2015. http://archive.tehelka.com / story_main49.asp?filename=Op 160411 Why.asp.
Thomas Weber, Misreading the Mahatma [online Book Review], Australian Book Review, No. 360 (April 2014): 15. Retrieved: October 13, 2014, http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=3824 70184651679;res=IELAPA ISSN: 0155-2864.
Professor Weber writes, “Two years ago, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Joseph Lelyveld published a partial biography of Mahatma Gandhi” (Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India, 2011)
See: Jad Adams, Gandhi: Naked Ambitions (London: Quercus, 2010).
Uday Mahurkar, “Mahatma & Manuben: Newly Discovered Diaries of Gandhi’s Personal Attendant Reveal How His Experiments with Celibacy Changed Her Life,” India Today (June 7, 2013). Retrieved: October 15, 2014. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mahatma-gandhi-experiment-sexuality-manuben-discovered-diaries/1/278952.html.
Nirmal Kumar Bose, My Days with Gandhi (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1987, Reprint edition).
R. K. Prabhu and U. R. Rao, eds., The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1996), 198.
Swami Muni Narayan Prasad in his commentary on the Gita titled Life’s Pilgrimage through the Gita: A Commentary on the Bhagavad Gita (New Delhi: D. K. Printworld, 2005), 105, tells us that “such examples of mutual satisfaction are found everywhere. When mango trees bloom as spring arrives, along with it come thousands of bees to enjoy the nectar of mango blossom. The pollination that takes place with the help of the bees ensures the happiness of the tree … animals, and humans.”
Y. P. Anand, “Interview with the Director of Gandhi Museum: Y. P. Anand,” Journal of Peace Studies, 11(3) (July-September 2004). Retrieved: October 17, 2014. http://www.icpsnet.org/description. php?ID=326.
Kurangi Desai, “The Eleven Vows of Mahatma Gandhi—Their Observance and Relevance.” Retrieved: October 18, 2014. http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/activities/essay_elevenvows.htm.
Joan V. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1958/1988), 180.
Swami Nityaswarupananda, trans., Astavakra Samhita (Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, 1994), 4 [slightly modified].
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Dhiman, S. (2015). Self-Discipline: The Making of an Exemplary Leader. In: Gandhi and Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137492357_8
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