Abstract
Under Communist rule in mainland China, there has been a reemergence of independent societies or resistance, in spite of institutional repression. The unofficial magazines provide a narrative of how the civil society began from the underground publications and expanded into other forms of resistance (such as underground labor trade unions and family churches) and other activities defending human rights (such as petitions, protests, and strikes).
Wildfire never quite consumes grass,
They are tall once more in the spring wind.
—Bai Juyi1
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Notes
See Yu P. K., Li Yu-ning, and Chang Yu-fa, The Revolutionary Movement during the Late Ch’ing: A Guide to Chinese Periodicals (Washington, DC: Centre For Chinese Research Materials Association of Research Libraries, 1970).
Sammye Johnson and Patricia Prijatel, The Magazine from Cover to Cover (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 88–125.
I borrow Eco,s term “open text.” See Peter Bondanella, Umberto Eco and the Open Text: Semiotics, Fiction, Popular Culture (Cambridge University Press, 1997), 93–126.
Ge Gongzhen, zhongguo bao xue shi (Newspaper History in China《中国报 学史》) (Shanghai: Sanlian, 1927. Xie Yong, Chu Anping and Observation, zhongguo shehui publisher, 2005).
Qian Liqun, san fan xuesheng kanwu (Three student magazines in 1957), http://www.aisixiang.com/data/16360.html (accessed August 7, 2010).
Claude Widor, The Samizdat Press in China’ Provinces, 1979–1981: An Annotated Guide (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1987). Widor,s other book, Documents on the Chinese Democratic Movement 1978–1980 (Hong Kong: Observer Publisher, 1981), collects most contents of several minkan and contains these minkan introductions. The 20 volumes, Da lu di xia kan wu hui bian (Collection of underground publications circulated on Chinese mainland) (Tianwan, 1985), present the contents of tens of underground magazines from 1978 to 1980.
Liu Shengqi, Underground Journal Research in Mainland China 1978–1982 (Tianwan, 1985). Liu Shengqi collected and analyzed unofficial publications in mainland China from 1978 to 1983. My own work presents the first panoramic study of minkan in China from the 1950s until the 1980s, and it also links the publication and circulation of minkan to the wider political, economic, and social environment.
The political stand is broadly described as Sun Yat-sen’s “Three Principles of the People,” which is concerned with opposing the communists and restoring the nation and state (Republic of China). Liu Shengqi, Dalu minban kanwu neirong he xingshi fenxi (Content and Form Analysis of Unofficial Publications in Mainland China) (Tianwan: Liuxue Publisher, 1984), 372–73. See also Li Fuchung, “Unifying China with the Three Principles of the People,” http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=3904# (accessed October 15, 2011).
In Taiwan, the term “guerrilla media” was used to mean “outside the party magazines” in the 1980s. See Lee Chin-Chuan, Liberalization without Full Democracy: Guerrilla Media and Political Movement in Taiwan, ed. Nick Couldry and James Curran (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003).
Ge Gongzhen, zhongguo bao xue shi (Newspapers History in China《中国报学史》)(Shanghai: Sanlian, 1927), 1—13.
Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China (Oxford University Press, 1999), 890.
Fu Zhengyuan, Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics (Cambridge University Press, 1993), 47–147. The period from 1278 to 1815 evolved along similar lines.
Rudolf G. Wagner, Joining the Global Public: Word, Image, and City in Early Chinese Newspapers, 1870–1910 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007), 5. Wang Tao was an editor of the Journal Jinshi Bianlu (Contemporary Affairs 近事编录) in Hong Kong where he went into exile. See Wagner, Joining the Global Public, 57.
Ge, zhongguo bao xue shi, 23–364. Zeng Xubai, zhongguo xinwenshi (History of the Chinese Press,《中国新闻史》) (Taipei: Sanmin shuju, 1984), 125–500.
Liang Jialu, Zhong Zhi (History of the Chinese Press《中国新闻业史》) (Nanning: guangxi renmin publisher, 1984), 61–483.
The killed journalists and editors included: Shen Jin (沈草)’Bei Xiaowu (卞小 吾)’Shao Piaoping (邵飘萍), Lin Baishui (林白水),Shi Liangcai (史量才), in Fu Guoyong, zhuixun shiqu de chuandong (Pursue the Lost Tradition 《追寻失 去的传统》)(Changsha: Hunan Wenyi Publisher, 2004), vol. 1.
Chen Pingyuan, wenxue de zhoubian (Literary Margins 《文学的周边》) (Beijing: Qin Shijie Publisher, 2004), 83—115.
See chapters 2–5, which relate to international politics and interactive communication. For underground publications in Central and Eastern Europe, see H. Gordon Skilling, Samizdat and an Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1989). For underground publications in Taiwan, see C. L. Chiou, Democratizing Oriental Despotism: China from 4 May 1919 to 4 June 1989 and Taiwan from 28 February 1947 to 28 June 1990 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995).
John Keane, Civil Society and State (London: University of Westminster, 1998), 1–2.
John Keane, Democracy and Civil Society (London: University of Westminster Press, 1998), xvii.
For the New Culture Movement, see Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese En lighten ment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphe (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989), 36.
William Goode and Paul Hatt, Methods in Social Research (Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1952), 44.
Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Vol. 2: The Methods of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973).
See also Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-violent Conflict (New York: Saint Martin’s Press Inc., 2001);
and John D. H. Downing, Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movement (London: Sage Publications, Inc., 2000).
Stephen Duncombe, Notes from Underground. Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture (London, New York: Verso, 1997), 3.
Theda Skocpol, Visions and Methods in Historical Sociology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
Media studies refer to Chris Atton and J. F. Hamilton, Alternative Journalism (London: Sage, 2008).
Chris Atton, An Alternative Internet (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004) and Duncombe, Stephen, Notes from Underground. Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture (London, New York: Verso, 1997).
Yuanxun Zhang, Beida 1957 (Peking University in 1957) (Hong Kong: Minbo Publisher, 2004).
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© 2015 Shao Jiang
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Jiang, S. (2015). Minkan as a Way of Resistance. In: Citizen Publications in China Before the Internet. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137492081_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137492081_1
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