Skip to main content

Reforming Early Childhood Education as a Smart Investment for the Future: Stories from East Asia

  • Chapter
Global Perspectives on Human Capital in Early Childhood Education

Part of the book series: Critical Cultural Studies of Childhood ((CCSC))

Abstract

Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) has been (re)nar-rated as an imperative socioeconomic investment in the twenty-first century. Globally, a popular and dominant discourse that “treats” ECEC as a good social investment through the theoretical lens of “human capital” has shifted the meanings of ECEC into pure economic rationality “seeing” quality provision in the early years as an effective approach for promoting economic growth in the future (e.g., see Heckman, 2012; The White House, 2014). Noticeably, in Starting Strong (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2001, 2006, 2011), it is emphasized that high-quality ECEC can make a major and positive contribution to any country’s national development and success in the new global knowledge-based economy. Hence, it is common to see how governments across different geopolitical spaces have come to acknowledge education as a critical driving force for promoting national development and progress while maintaining competitiveness in the global economy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • ABC News. (2013). Students in East Asia top global education in OECD survey. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013–12-04/an-east-asia-tops-global-education-survey/5132930

  • ABC News. (2014). Cost of raising children in Australia is rather massive. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/ cost-of-raising-children-in-australia-is-rather-massive/story-fnagkbpv-1227032170251

  • AMP (2013). Cost of kids: The cost of raising children in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.amp.com.au/wps/amp/au/FileProxy?vigurl=/vgn-ext-templating/fileMetadataInterface?ids=1c047918d9ece310VgnVCM1 000004320220aRCRD

  • Aizer, A., & Cunha, F. (2012). The production of human capital: Endowments, investments and fertility. NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w18429.pdf

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Apple, M. W. (2001). Education the “right” way: Markets, standards, God, and inequality. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asia Sentinel. (2007). Tin Shui Wai: City of Sadness. Retrieved from http://www.asiasentinel.com/mask-of-china/tin-shui-wai-city-of-sadness/

  • Ball, S. (2012). Global education Inc.: New policy networks and the neoliberal imaginary. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K. S. L., & Chan, L. (2003). Early childhood education in Hong Kong and its challenges. Early Child Development and Care, 173(1), 7–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, K. H. (2010). Asia as method: Towards deimperialization. London: Dke University Press. China Daily. (2013). 20% kids go to 2 kindergartens: Study. Retrieved from http://www.chinadailyasia.com/news/2013–08/27/content_15084951.html

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, Y. (2005). Investment in children’s human capital: Implicatios PROGRESA. Retrieved from https://www.aeaweb.org/assa/2006/0108_130 0_0502.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunha, F., & Heckman, J. J. (2006). Investing in our young people. Retrieved from http://jenni.uchicago.edu/human-inequality/papers/inv-young-rep_all_2007–01–31b_mms.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Curriculum Development Council. (2006). Guide to pre-primary curriculum. Retrieved from http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/major-level-of-edu/preprimary/pre-primaryguide-net_en.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • East Asia Forum. (2014). Education-China’s most important economic weapon. Retrieved from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/03/15/education-chinas-most-import ant-economic-weapon/

  • Education Bureau. (2015). Pre-primary education voucher scheme: New milestone of kindergarten education. Retrieved from http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/preprimary-kindergarten/preprimary-voucher/index.html#PEVS

  • Foucault, M. (1978/1990). The History of sexuality: An introduction. R. Hurley (Trans.). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckman, J. J. (2012). Invest in early childhood development: Reduce deficits, strengthen the economy. Retrieved from https://www.heckmanequation.org/content/re source/invest-early-childhood-development-reduce-deficits-strengthen-economy

  • Hong Kong Education Commission. (1999). Education blueprint for the 21st century: Review of academic system—aims of education. Hong Kong: Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong Education Commission. (2000). Learning for life learning through life: Reform proposals for the education system in Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong: Government Printer. Hong Kong Young Women’s Christian Association (HKYWCA). (2013). A survey: Nearly 20% of the children are enrolled in more than one kindergar-ten]. Retrieved from http://www.ywca.org.hk/news.aspx?id=2f7ce170-51bc-4497-9c83-b2cd03cba1ec

  • Jerrim, J. (2014). How East Asian children get so far ahead of their classmates. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/how-east-asian-children-get-so-far-ahead-of-their-classmates-32703

  • Kent, G. (1998). Children as human capital? Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 10 (4), 54–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lather, P. (2004). This IS your father’s paradigm: Government intrusion and the case of qualitative research in education. Qualitative Inquiry, 10 (1), 15–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, I. F. (2009). Promising what through preschool vouchers? Illusions of freedom, equality, democracy. New York: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, I. F. (2010). Global and local trends for governance and planning in early childhood education and care: Effects of preschool vouchers. In G. S. Cannella & L. D. Soto (Eds.), Childhoods: A handbook (pp. 131–144). New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, I. F. (2012). Unpacking neoliberal policies: Interrupting the global and local production of the norms. Journal of Pedagogy, 3, 30–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (2002). Education policy in the Republic of Korea: Building block or stumbling block? Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbi37164.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Mincer, J. (1958). Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. The Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education (Taiwan). (2014a). Overview: Cultivate excellence and quality across the board to build a prosperous happy society. Retrieved from http://english.moe.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=15739&CtNode=11402&=1

  • Ministry of Education (Taiwan). (2014b). Ministry of Education objectives for 2015. Retrieved from http://english.moe.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=16072&ctNode=11410&=1

  • Ministry of Education (Taiwan). (2014c). Preschool and compulsory education: Education for preschool children. Retrieved from http://english.moe.gov.tw/

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education, Science and Technology & Ministry of Health and Welfare (Korea). (2013). Nuri Curriculum. Korea. Retrieved from http://www.roc-taiwan.org/US/LAX/ct.asp?xItem=2131000&ctNode=2825&mp=52

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan). (2011). Free preschool education kicks off in Taiwan. Retrieved from http://www.roc-taiwan.org/US/LAX/ct.asp?xItem=213100&ctNode=2825&=52

    Google Scholar 

  • Mok, K. H. J., & Chan, D. K. K. (2002). Globalization and education: The quest for quality education in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, P. (2013). Beyond the investment narrative. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 14 (4), 370–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2001). Starting strong: Early childhood education and care. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2006). Starting strong II: Early childhood education and care. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2011). PISA 3 in focus. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opper, S. (1993). Kindergarten education: Cinderella of the Hong Kong education system. In A. B. M. Tsui & I. Johnson (Eds.), Teacher education and development (pp. 80–89). Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Education (Education Papers No. 18).

    Google Scholar 

  • The Oriental Daily. (2011). Young children attending two kindergartens—the absurdity of a voucher scheme. Retrieved from http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20110124/00174_001.html

  • Österbacka, E., Merz, J., & Zick, C. D. (2010). Human capital investments in children: A comparative analysis of the role of parent-child shared time in selected countries. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5084. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp5084.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Popkewitz, T. S. (1991). A political sociology of educational reform: Power/ knowledge in teaching, teacher education, and research. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popkewitz, T S. (2006). Hopes of progress and fears of the dangerous: Research, cultural theses, and planning different human kinds. In G. Ladson-Billings & W. F. Tate (Eds.), Education research in the public interest: The place for advocacy in the academy. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N. (2005). Factors influencing kindergarten pedagogy in Hong Kong. Unpublished manuscript, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N., & Li, H. (2009). Quality matters: Early childhood education policy in Hong Kong. Early Child Development and Care, 179(3), 233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. S. (1999). Powers of freedom: Reframing political thought. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Savela, M. (2013). A city formerly known as sadness—Tin Shui Wai. Retrieved from http://failedarchitecture.com/a-city-formerly-known-as-sadness-tin-shui-wai/

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, T. W. (1993). The economics of being poor. Massachusetts: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, Y (2013). Asia’s parents suffering “education fever.” Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/business-24537487

  • Strother, J. (2012). Drive for education drives South Korean families into the red. Retrieved from http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/1110/Drive-for-education-drives-South-Korean-families-into-the-red

  • The Wall Street Journal. (2014). Want to raise a kid in Hong Kong? You’ll need $700,000. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/china-realtime/2014/09/04/want-to-raise-a-kid-in-hong-kong-youll-need-700000/

  • The White House. (2014). Fact Sheet: Invest in Us: The White House Summit on Early Childhood Education. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press- office/2014/12/10/fact-sheet-invest-us -white-house -summit-early-childhood-education

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitty, G. (1997). Creating quasi-markets in education. Review of Research in Education, 22, 3–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, C. S. (2000). Reengineering education. M. L. Chen (Trans.). Taipei City: Yuan-Liu Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuen, G., & Grieshaber, S. (2009). Parents’ choice of early childhood education service in Hong Kong: A pilot study. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 10 (3), 263–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Theodora Lightfoot-Rueda Ruth Lynn Peach

Copyright information

© 2015 Theodora Lightfoot-Rueda and Ruth Lynn Peach

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lee, IF., Tseng, CL., Jun, HJ. (2015). Reforming Early Childhood Education as a Smart Investment for the Future: Stories from East Asia. In: Lightfoot-Rueda, T., Peach, R.L. (eds) Global Perspectives on Human Capital in Early Childhood Education. Critical Cultural Studies of Childhood. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137490865_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics