Abstract
Durham Cathedral Priory was ranked amongst the wealthier Benedictine houses of England. McKisack for example, quoted annual receipts of over £3,000 in the Durham bursar’s rolls alone for 1293, 1295 and 1297.1 At first sight it might seem that such substantial levels of income would preclude any solvency concerns or cash management issues. Tables 4.1 and 4.2 show occasionally lower, but still substantial, levels of expected receipts averaging £2,988 in the period 1278–1417 and £2,308 in the period 1420–1537, both levels comfortably in excess of the pension of £2,000 granted by Edward III to Edward Balliol in 1356 for the resignation of the Kingdom of Scotland.2 It might seem surprising then to find so many references to the indebted position of the house. In 1309, following the death of Prior Richard de Hoton, and in the wake of the expensive dispute with the bishop, the house was described as ‘damaged in many [ways], firstly from great borrowing’.3 In 1344 the house was oppressed by a ‘load of debts’, and in 1405 it was reported that the ‘goods, rents and incomes…. have been so notoriously wasted that they no longer suffice to pay the usual debts and support the convent in all its necessities’.4 No matter the scale of the receipts, it is the level of expenditure in comparison which decides whether an institution generates a healthy cash surplus or develops an indebted position. The overwhelming bulk of the priory’s income depended on agricultural returns, and the impact of livestock and human disease and poor harvests could render incomes extremely volatile.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
M. McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, 1307–1399 (Oxford, 1971), p. 305.
R. Nicholson, Scotland: The Later Middle Ages (Edinburgh, 1997), p. 161.
sarcinam debitorum: ibid., p. cxxii; R. B. Dobson, Durham Priory 1400–1450 (Cambridge, 1973), p. 251.
Omnes custodes maneriorum grangiarum et officinarum ita computant de redditibus quos non dum receperunt, et de debitis que pro rebus venditis eisdem debentur, sicuti de tunc iam receptis. Set quia dicta debita que non dum receperunt in compoto suo liberare non poterunt, in arreragiis vel remanentia prout debent remanebunt: S. F. Hockey (ed.), The Account-Book of Beaulieu Abbey (Camden Society, 4th series, 16, 1975), p. 47.
R. R. Davies, ‘Baronial accounts, incomes and arrears in the later Middle Ages’, EHR, 21 (1968), pp. 211–12. This highlights the importance of precision in defining what a figure in an account-roll represents before quoting it as evidence in support of a particular theory.
T. D. Hardy (ed.), Registrum Palatinum Dunelmense: The Register of Richard de Kellawe, Lord Palatine and Bishop of Durham, 1311–1316, vol.1 (London, 1873), pp. 98, 453.
A. T. Brown, ‘Estate management and institutional constraints in pre-industrial England: the ecclesiastical estates of Durham, c. 1400–1640’, EcHR, 67 (2014), pp. 699–719.
DAR, vol. 2, pp. 489–93; D. Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1957), p. 317.
T. H. Aston, ‘The external administration and resources of Merton college to circa 1348’ in J. I. Catto and R. Evans (eds), The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 1: The Early Oxford Schools (Oxford, 1984), p. 368.
D. Postles, ‘The “excessus” balance in manorial accounts’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 54 (1981), pp. 105–10;
C. Noke, ‘Agency and the excessus balance in manorial accounts’ in R. H. Parker and B. S. Yamey (eds), Accounting History: Some British Contributions (Oxford, 1994), pp. 139–59.
D. Postles, ‘The “excessus” balance in manorial accounts’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 54 (1981), pp. 105–10;
C. Noke, ‘Agency and the excessus balance in manorial accounts’ in R. H. Parker and B. S. Yamey (eds), Accounting History: Some British Contributions (Oxford, 1994), pp. 139–59.
J. Scammell, ‘Some aspects of medieval English monastic government: the case of Geoffrey Burdon, Prior of Durham’, Revue Bénédictine, 68 (1958), p. 243; DCD, bursar, 1318/19 and 1330/31, mutuaciones.
‘Et domino priori ad fabricam nove fenestre in ecclesia cs’. ‘Item quod bona officio ab antiquo deputata per priorem et suos ministros a dicto officio abstrahuntur et in aliis usibus non necessariis expendentur’: DCD, 2.8 Pont. 12; E. Cambridge, The Masons and Building Works of Durham Priory 1339–1539 (University of Durham, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 1992), pp. 16–19.
cum igitur usurarum vorago multas ecclesias paene destruxerit: N. P. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, vol. 1 (London, 1990), pp. 293–4.
H. H. E. Craster and M. E. Thornton (eds), The Chronicle of St. Mary’s Abbey, York (Surtees Society, 148, 1933), pp. 124, 127.
For a description of the ‘common’ and ‘private services’ demanded by the pope at this date upon the appointment of a prelate, see W. E. Lunt, Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327, vol. 2 (Massachusetts, 1939), p. 479.
Solvebantur vero ista quinque millia marcarum uno anno, ad quod non sufficiebat exilitas domus nisi per usuras mercatorum; pro mutuacione trecentarum marcarum per annum aliquando solvebat domus octingentas [sic] marcas. Onerabatur igitur domus ultra vires acre alieno: HDST, p. 89. Elsewhere sums of interest which dwarfed the principal can be found. Chicksands Priory borrowed (c. 1343) £370 for which it had to repay £1200, i.e. £830 interest. Unfortunately the repayment dates are not given and so no annual rate of interest can be calculated: G. Dodd and A. K. McHardy (eds), Petitions to the Crown from English Religious Houses c. 1272–c. 1485 (Canterbury and York Society, 100, 2010), p. 96.
DCD, Loc. III: 20. This interest rate is identical to that observed for a number of loans extended by Italian merchants in the thirteenth century: A. R. Bell, C. Brooks and T. K. Moore, ‘Interest in medieval accounts: examples from England, 1272–1340’, History, 94 (2009), p. 423.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2015 Alisdair Dobie
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dobie, A. (2015). Debtors, Creditors and Financial Management. In: Accounting at Durham Cathedral Priory. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137479785_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137479785_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-55282-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-47978-5
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)