Skip to main content

An Introduction to Cyber Crowdsourcing (Human Flesh Search) in the Greater China Region

  • Chapter
Book cover Cybercrime Risks and Responses

Abstract

Cyber crowdsourcing — known in Chinese as renrou sousou, literally “human flesh search” (HFS) — is a type of collective online action aimed at discovering facts relating to certain events and/or publicizing details concerning a targeted individual (Cheung 2009; Herold 2011; Ong 2012). It involves the tracking down and publishing on the Internet of information that might help to solve a crime or to disclose personal information of someone who has allegedly engaged in corrupt practices or immoral behavior (Hatton 2014; Ong 2012). It can also be used to identify people in events that attract the public’s attention, such as love affairs of celebrities. Examples from the Chinese online community include news about people who abuse animals, teenagers who do not respect their elders, wealthy children who do not care about the feelings of others, and the behavior of corrupt officials. Although some Chinese researchers claim it is an online phenomenon unique to the Greater China region (Cheng and Xue 2011), similar cases have emerged in the West in recent years. One recent example is the identification of suspects responsible for the Boston marathon bombings (Wadhwa 2013).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • AppleDaily (2012) “Cat Abusing Case,” Apple Daily, 11 November, http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20121118/18070785 (in Chinese) (accessed 8 May 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (1975) Strain of Violence, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, W. (1976) Vigilante, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, L. Y. C. (2012a) Cybercrime in the Greater China Region: Regulatory Responses and Crime Prevention across the Taiwan Strait, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, L. Y. C. (2012b) “Responsive Regulation and the Reporting of Information Security Incidents,” Issues and Studies 48 (1): 85–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, L. Y. C and Poon, R. (forthcoming) “Online Vigilantism: Attitudes and Experiences of University Students in Hong Kong,” International Journal on Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H. F. and Guo, Y. J. (2009) “Human Flesh Searching in Online Community,” Journal of BUPT 11 (4): 5–9 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M. (2009) “Human Flesh Searching and Citizen Internet Monitoring,” Views 3: 38 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. F. (2011) “Discussion on Mechanisms of Monitoring Freedom of Speech Freedom and Human Flesh Searching,” Journalism Lover 18: 42–4 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, J. W. and Xue, H. Z. (2011) “Use and Regulation of Human Flesh Search in Investigation of Case,” Social Science 7: 114–21 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, S. Y. (2009) “China Internet Going Wild: Cyber-hunting Versus Privacy Protection,” Computer Law and Security Review 25, 275–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • China Internet Watch (2014) “Weibo Had 167M Monthly Active Users in Q3 2014,” http://www.chinaInternetwatch.com/10735/weibo-q3-2014 (accessed 7 January 2015).

  • Fu, R. (2009) “Brief Guide on China Online BBS Community,” China Internet Watch, http://www.chinaInternetwatch.com/369/china-bbs-forums/ (accessed 14 December 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, S. M. (2012) “The Moral Problem Created by Human Flesh Search and Its Tackling Method,” Marketing Management Review 7: 194 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, C. (2013) “Boston Marathon Bombing ‘Crowdsourcing’: How Netizens Are Using the Internet to Help Solve Crimes,” CBSNews, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/boston-marathon-bombing-crowdsourcing-how-citizens-are-using-the-Internet-to-help-solve-crimes/ (accessed 10 October 2014).

  • Hao, L. Y. (2009) “A Study on Cyber Violence and Human Flesh Search,” Journal of Teaching and Researching Exploration: 220 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatton, C. (2014) “China’s Internet Vigilantes and the ‘Human Flesh Search Engine’,” 28 January, BBC, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25913472 (accessed 10 October 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herold, D. K. (2011) “Human Flesh Search Engines: Carnivalesque Riots as Components of a ‘Chinese democracy’,” in Online Society in China: Creating, Celebrating, and Instrumentalising the Online Carnival, D. K. Herold and P. Marlot (eds.), Oxford, UK: Routledge, 127–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ju, Y. (2006) “The Loss of Privacy in New Media Era,” Xinhua News, 28 June, http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2006-06/28/content_4762447_6.htm (in Chinese) (accessed 27 May 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, S. (2012) “Hong Kong Juveniles Arrested for Cat Abusing,” China News, http://www.chinanews.com/ga/2012/11-19/4339531.shtml (in Chinese) (accessed 20 September 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. and Li, D. X. (2009) “Productive Power of Moral Discourse and Rise of Chinese Type Cyber Manhunt,” Journal of Zhejiang University 5: 1–9 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, B. U. and Ling, H. Y. (2012) “Discussing the Development of Social Incidents in the Media of Internet in the View of Sociological Perspectives,” Modern Communication 9: 111–15 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D. M. (2011) “Discuss the Characteristics and Effectiveness of Human Flesh Search” Hei Long Jiang Shi Zhi 3, 54–6 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, N. N. and Hao, H. K. (2009) “A Study on Applying Renrou Sousou to Investigative Practice,” Journal of Chinese People’s Public Security University 6: 9–16 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W. F. (2009) “Research on Achieving Cyber Justice or Cyber Violence of Human Flesh Search,” Journal of Hubei University of Economics 6 (10): 130–2 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z. J. and Zhuang, M. (2012) “A Study of Internet Human Powered Search Engine,” Journal of Sanming University 29 (5): 82–7 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Y. N. (2012) “A Study on Human Flesh Search,” Journal of Jiannan Literature 5: 230 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, R. (2012) “Online Vigilante Justice Chinese Style and Privacy in China,” Information and Communications Technology Law 21 (2): 127–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • People (2008) “Government Official Molestation Case,” 4 November, http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/8278124.html (accessed 8 May 2014).

  • Reuters (2008) “Hong Kong’s Edison Chen Quits After Sex Scandal,” 21 February, http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/02/21/us-hongkong-photos-idUSHKG36060820080221 (assessed 26 February 2015).

  • Ruan, J. S. (2011) “Discuss the Essentiality and Legality of Human Flesh Search,” Journal of Guangxi Police Academy 1: 55–7 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi, W. C. and Chi, W. M. (2009) “A Study on Juvenile’s Human Flesh Searching Activities,” Theory Horizon 3: 178–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shu, Y. Y. (2012) “Discuss the Pros and Cons of Human Flesh Search,” Jian Nan Literature 1: 169 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, P. (1993) “On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog,” New Yorker, 5 July, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_dog.jpg (accessed 25 February 2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taipei Times (2010) “University Student Under Fire for Ambulance Incident,” 30 December, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2010/12/30/2003492244 (accessed 26 February 2015).

  • Tang, X. T. (2010) “Criminologists Should Study on How to Regulate Crowdsourcing,” Journal of Hunan Public Security Academy 4: 30–4 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapscott, D. and Williams, A. D. (2007) Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, London: Atlantic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadhwa, T. (2013) “Lessons from Crowdsourcing: The Boston Bombing Investigation,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarunwadhwa/2013/04/22/lessons -from-crowdsourcing-the-boston-marathon-bombings-investigation/ (accessed 12 November 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, D. S. (2008/2010) “Cybercrime and the Culture of Fear: Social Science Fiction(s) and the Production of Knowledge About Cybercrime,” revised May 2010, Information, Communication and Society 11(6): 861–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F. Y., Zeng, D., Hendler, J. A., Zhang, Q. P., Feng, Z., Gao, Y. Q., Wang, H. and Lai, G. P. (2010) “A Study of the Human Flesh Search Engine: Crowd-powered Expansion of Online Knowledge,” IEEE Computer Society 43 (8): 45–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L. Y. and Liu, R. (2009) “The Broadcasting Process and Its Problem of Human Flesh Searching,” Today’s Mass Media 2: 73–4 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. Y. (2009) “Human Flesh Search Engines: Production and Self-discipline of Organization,” Online Communication Research 8: 91–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, P. (2011) “An Analysis of the Phenomenon of Internet Mass Hunting,” Journal of Hunan University 25 (1): 156–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, B. and Ji, S. (2008) “Human Flesh Search Engine: An Internet Lynching?,” Xinhua News, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/04/ (accessed 27 June 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, H. W. and Li, S. F. (2011) “Discuss the Reason Why Human Flesh Search End Up with Cyber Violence,” Science and Technology Information 22: 30–1 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G. and Zhang, Z. C. (2010) “Analysis of the Privacy Issues of Human Flesh Search Engine,” paper presented at the 2010 International Conference on Computer and Communication Technologies in Agriculture Engineering, Chengdu, 12–13 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye, X. M. and Li, J. (2009) “Moral Analysis of Internet Human Flesh Search,” Youth Studies 5: 43–6 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, G. S. and Zhao, Z. G. (2012) “Analysis of Flesh Search from the Communication Perspective,” Journal of Hebei University of Technology 4(2): 76–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X. (2008) “Why Human Flesh Search Cannot Be Controlled,” China Society Periodical 21: 57–8 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Lennon Y. C. Chang and Andy K. H. Leung

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chang, L.Y.C., Leung, A.K.H. (2015). An Introduction to Cyber Crowdsourcing (Human Flesh Search) in the Greater China Region. In: Smith, R.G., Cheung, R.CC., Lau, L.YC. (eds) Cybercrime Risks and Responses. Palgrave Macmillan’s Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137474162_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics