Abstract
In analysing debates about the complementarity of British gentlemanly capitalism and the growth of intra-Asian trade, this chapter spotlights Liverpool-based shipping interests in southern and eastern Asia from the 1920s to the 1970s.1 After establishing the significance of Asian trade for twentieth-century Liverpool, the analysis addresses the degree to which Liverpool’s shipping elite slotted into gentlemanly capitalism: the amalgam of London-centred finance and services with aristocracy and officialdom, which for Cain and Hopkins dominated imperial policymaking.2 Obviously, Merseyside’s shipping barons were geographically divorced from the southern genteel elite. Nevertheless, shipowners gravitated towards the gentlemanly cluster as the twentieth century wore on. Moreover, during the 1920s and 1930s, this maritime network came to terms with Japanese business interests, supporting Akita’s and Kagotani’s symbiosis between British gentlemanly capitalism and Japanese industrialisation in the promotion of a new economic order in Asia. This was interrupted by the Great East Asia War (1937–1945), but came to full fruition in the Japanese-led Asian trading realm of the 1970s and 1980s.3 Yet, in support of Best, the discussion reveals tensions by the 1930s between British and Japanese business interests.4 Primarily, there was an estrangement between British and Japanese economic interests in Asia, as Liverpool shipowners complained of unfair competition.
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Notes
P. Cain and A. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688–2000 (Harlow: Longman, 2002). For the long nineteenth century, Cain and Hopkins emphasise that ‘Britain’s shipping was … tied in with her function as a financial centre’. Ibid., 166.
S. Akita and N. Kagotani, ‘The International Order of Asia in the 1930s’, in Gentlemanly Capitalism, Imperialism and Global History, ed. S. Akita (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 143–68;
S. Akita, ‘British economic interests and the international order of Asia in the 1930s’, in The International Order of Asia in the 1930s and 1950s, ed. S. Akita and N. White (Farnham: Ashgate, 2002), 17–48;
K. Sugihara, ‘Japan as an Engine of the Asian International Economy, c. 1880–1936’, Japan Forum, 2 (1990): 127–45; ‘The Economic Motivations Behind Japanese Aggression in the late-1930s’, Journal of Contemporary History 32 (1997): 259–80.
A. Best, ‘Economic Appeasement or Economic Nationalism?’, Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History 30 (2002): 77–101.
P. Stoney, ‘The Port of Liverpool and the Regional Economy in the Twentieth Century’, in Commerce, Industry and Transport: Studies in Economic Change on Merseyside, ed. B. Anderson and P. Stoney (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1983), 126.
R. Kubicek, ‘The Proliferation and Diffusion of Steamship Technology and the Beginnings of “new imperialism”’, in Maritime Empires, ed. D. Killingray, M. Lincoln and N. Rigby (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004), 101–02, 104, 107; see also
S. Hazareesingh, ‘Interconnected Synchronicities: The Production of Bombay and Glasgow as Modern Global Ports, c.1850–1880’, Journal of Global History 4 (2009): 7–31.
C. Evans, ‘Liverpool Ship-owners and Gentlemanly Capitalism in the Interwar Years’, (Master’s dissertation, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012), 6–10.
N. Watson, The Bibby Line, 1807–1990: A Story of Wars, Booms and Slumps (London: James & James, 1990), 23.
MMM, B/BROC/5/2/9, Williams to Bates, 22 October 1934 and enclosure; Best, ‘Economic nationalism,’ 84; I. Brown, ‘The British Merchant Community in Singapore and Japanese Commercial Expansion in the 1930s’, in International Commercial Rivalry in Southeast Asia in the Interwar Period, ed. S. Sugiyama and M. Guerrero (New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1994), 117.
Nicholas J. White, British Business in Post-Colonial Malaysia, 1957–70: Neocolonialism or Disengagement? (London: Routledge Curzon, 2004), 83.
A. Hopkins, ‘Introduction’, in Globalization in World History, ed. A. Hopkins (London: Pimlico, 2002), 7–8.
I. Brown, ’some Closing Remarks: An Agenda for Further Research’, in International Commercial Rivalry in Southeast Asia in the Interwar Period, ed. S. Sugiyama and M. C. Guerrero (New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asia Monograph, 1994), 214–22.
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© 2015 Nicholas J. White and Catherine Evans
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White, N.J., Evans, C. (2015). Holding Back the Tide: Liverpool Shipping, Gentlemanly Capitalism and Intra-Asian Trade in the Twentieth Century. In: Bosma, U., Webster, A. (eds) Commodities, Ports and Asian Maritime Trade Since 1750. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137463920_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137463920_12
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