Abstract
The relationship of language to society in Ireland is multifaceted and multilayered. This has been the case in history and is so to this day. The two languages whose relationship dominated the linguistic landscape of Ireland in previous centuries, Irish and English, are both still present. But many more languages have been introduced to the country by immigration in recent years, especially after the accession of several East European countries to the European Union in 2004. This allowed the free movement of citizens of the new member states in the enlarged union, a fact which contributed to the surge of foreign labour into Ireland in the so-called Celtic Tiger years (late 1990s to 2008). The country which contributed most to the swelling population of non-Irish-born people in Ireland was Poland. Before the financial crisis of 2008, male Poles were largely employed in the then-booming construction industry and female Poles worked in service industries. Recent census figures show that now there are approximately 123,000 present in the Republic of Ireland (Census 2011). This means that many Poles are still living in the country and a new, Irish-born, Polish-heritage generation (Diskin and Regan 2015) is growing up in Ireland which, if not linguistically, will at least culturally leave its mark on Ireland in the coming years.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, George Brendan (1965). ‘Materials for a language map of seventeenth century Ireland’, Ulster Dialect Archive Bulletin 4: 15–30.
Agha, Asif (2003). ‘The social life of a cultural value’, Language and Communication 23: 231–73.
Amador-Moreno, Carolina P., Kevin McCafferty and Elaine Vaughan (eds) (2015). Pragmatic Markers in Irish English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Barron, Anne and Klaus Schneider (eds) (2005). The Pragmatics of Irish English. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable (2002). A History of the English Language. Fifth edition. London: Routledge.
Beal, Joan C. (1993). ‘The grammar of Tyneside and Northumbrian English’, in: Milroy and Milroy (eds), pp. 187–213.
Beal, Joan C. and Paul Cooper (2015). ‘The enregisterment of Northern English’, in: Raymond Hickey (ed.) Researching Northern English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bliss, Alan J. (1972). ‘Languages in contact: Some problems of Hiberno-English’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 72, Section C: 63–82.
Bliss, Alan J. (1979). Spoken English in Ireland 1600–1740. Twenty-Seven Representative Texts Assembled and Analysed. Dublin: Cadenus Press.
Boberg, Charles (2005). ‘The Canadian shift in Montreal’, Language Variation and Change 17.2: 133–54.
Boberg, Charles (2012). ‘Standard Canadian English’, in: Raymond Hickey (ed.) Standards of English. Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–78.
Clancy, Brian (2015). ‘“Hurry up baby son all the boys is finished their breakfast”: Examining the use of vocatives as markers in Irish Traveller and settled family discourse’, in: Amador-Moreno, McCafferty and Vaughan (eds), pp. 229–47.
Clark, James M. (1977) [1917]. The Vocabulary of Anglo-Irish (original edition, St. Gallen, Handelshochschule). Reprinted Philadelphia: R. West.
Clarke, Sandra, Ford Elms and Amani Youssef (1995). ‘The third dialect of English: Some Canadian evidence’, Language Variation and Change 7: 209–28.
Corrigan, Karen P. (1993). ‘Hiberno-English syntax: Nature versus nurture in a creole context’, Newcastle and Durham Working Papers in Linguistics 1: 95–131.
Daly, Mary (1990). ‘Literacy and language change in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’, in: Mary Daly and David Dickson (eds) The Origins of Popular Literacy in Ireland: Language Change and Educational Development 1700–1920. Dublin: Anna Livia, pp. 153–66.
Dent, Robert W. (1994). Colloquial Language in Ulysses: a Reference Tool. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
Diskin, Chloé and Vera Regan (2015). ‘Migratory experience and second language acquisition among Polish and Chinese migrants in Dublin, Ireland’, in: Fanny Forsberg Lundell and Inge Bartning (eds) Cultural Migrants and Optimal Language Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Dolan, Terence (2012) [1998]. A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. The Irish Use of English. Third edition. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Dowling, Patrick J. (1968) [1935]. The Hedge Schools of Ireland (original edition, London: Longmans). Revised edition Cork: Mercier Press.
Fenton, James (2014) [1995]. The Hamely Tongue. A Personal Record of Ulster-Scots in County Antrim. Fourth edition. Newtownards: Ulster-Scots Academic Press.
Filppula, Markku (1991). ‘Urban and rural varieties of Hiberno-English’, in: Jenny Cheshire (ed.) English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–60.
Filppula, Markku (1993). ‘Changing paradigms in the study of Hiberno-English’, Irish University Review 23.2: 202–23.
Filppula, Markku (1999). The Grammar of Irish English. Language in Hibernian Style. London: Routledge.
Filppula, Markku (2003). ‘The quest for the most “parsimonious” explanations: endogeny vs. contact revisited’, in Hickey (ed.), pp. 161–73.
Greene, David (1979). ‘Perfects and Perfectives in Modern Irish’, Ériu 30: 122–41.
Hamel, August van (1912). ‘On Anglo-Irish syntax’, Englische Studien 45: 272–92.
Harris, John (1984). ‘Syntactic variation and dialect divergence’, Journal of Linguistics 20: 303–27.
Hayden, Mary and Marcus Hartog (1909). ‘The Irish dialect of English’, Fortnightly Review, Old Series / New Series 91–85: 933–47.
Henry, Patrick L. (1957). An Anglo-Irish Dialect of North Roscommon. Zürich: Aschmann and Scheller.
Henry, Patrick L. (1958). ‘A linguistic survey of Ireland. Preliminary report’, Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap [Lochlann, A Review of Celtic Studies] Supplement 5: 49–208.
Hickey, Raymond (1993). ‘The beginnings of Irish English’, Folia Linguistica Historica 14: 213–38.
Hickey, Raymond (1995). ‘An assessment of language contact in the development of Irish English’, in: Jacek Fisiak (ed.) Language Change under Contact Conditions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 109–30.
Hickey, Raymond (1997). ‘Arguments for creolisation in Irish English’, in: Raymond Hickey and Stanisław Puppel (eds) Language History and Linguistic Modelling. A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on his Sixtieth Birthday. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 969–1038.
Hickey, Raymond (1998). ‘The Dublin Vowel Shift and the historical perspective’, in: Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier (eds) English Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 79–106.
Hickey, Raymond (1999). ‘Dublin English: Current changes and their motivation’, in: Paul Foulkes and Gerry Docherty (eds) Urban Voices. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 265–81.
Hickey, Raymond (2000). ‘Models for describing aspect in Irish English’, in: Hildegard Tristram (ed.) The Celtic Englishes II. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, pp. 97–116.
Hickey, Raymond (2002a). A Source Book for Irish English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hickey, Raymond (2002b). ‘Dublin and Middle English’, in: Peter J. and Angela M. Lucas (eds) Middle English. From Tongue to Text. Selected Papers from the Third International Conference on Middle English: Language and Text Held at Dublin, Ireland, 1–4 July 1999. Frankfurt: Lang, pp. 187–200.
Hickey, Raymond (2003a). Corpus Presenter. Software for Language Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hickey, Raymond (2003b). ‘Rectifying a standard deficiency. Pronominal distinctions in varieties of English’, in: Irma Taavitsainen and Andreas H. Jucker (eds) Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 345–74.
Hickey, Raymond (2004a). ‘The phonology of Irish English’, in: Bernd Kortmann et al. (ed.) Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 68–97.
Hickey, Raymond (2004b). A Sound Atlas of Irish English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hickey, Raymond (2005a). Dublin English. Evolution and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hickey, Raymond (2005b). ‘English in Ireland’, in: D. Alan Cruse, Franz Hundsnurscher, Michael Job and Peter R. Lutzeier (eds) Lexikologie-Lexicology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1256–60.
Hickey, Raymond (2007a). Irish English. History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hickey, Raymond (2007b). ‘Southern Irish English’, in: David Britain (ed.) Language in the British Isles. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–51.
Hickey, Raymond (2009). ‘Telling people how to speak. Rhetorical grammars and pronouncing dictionaries’, in: Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade and Wim van der Wurff (eds) Current Issues in Late Modern English. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 89–116.
Hickey, Raymond (2011a). ‘Ulster Scots in present-day Ireland’, in: Hickey (ed.) 2011a, pp. 291–323.
Hickey, Raymond (2011b). The Dialects of Irish, Study of a Changing Landscape. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
Hickey, Raymond (2012a). ‘English in Ireland’, in: Raymond Hickey (ed.) Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, pp. 79–107.
Hickey, Raymond (2012b). ‘Standard Irish English’, in: Hickey (ed.), pp. 96–116.
Hickey, Raymond (2013). ‘Supraregionalisation and dissociation’, in: J. K. Chambers and Natalie Schilling (eds) Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Second edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 537–54.
Hickey, Raymond (2015). ‘The pragmatics of Irish English’, in: Amador-Moreno, McCafferty and Vaughan (eds), pp. 17–36.
Hickey, Raymond (In press). ‘The pragmatics of grand in Irish English’, Journal of Historical Pragmatics.
Hickey, Raymond (ed.) (2003). Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hickey, Raymond (ed.) (2010). Eighteenth-Century English. Evolution and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hickey, Raymond (ed.) (2011a). Researching the Languages of Ireland. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
Hickey, Raymond (ed.) (2011b). Irish English in Today’s World. Special issue of English Today 106 (June 2011). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hickey, Raymond (ed.) (2012). Standards of English. Codified Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hogan, James Jeremiah (1927). The English Language in Ireland. Dublin: Educational Company of Ireland.
Hogan, James Jeremiah (1934). An Outline of English Philology Chiefly for Irish Students. Dublin: Educational Company of Ireland.
Johnstone, Barbara, Jennifer Andrus and Andrew R. Danielson (2006). ‘Mobility, indexicality and the enregisterment of “Pittsburghese” Journal of English Linguistics 34: 77–101.
Joyce, Patrick W. (1910). English As We Speak It in Ireland. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
Kallen, Jeffrey L. (1989). ‘Tense and aspect categories in Irish English’, English World-Wide 10: 1–39.
Kallen, Jeffrey L. (1990). ‘The Hiberno-English perfect: Grammaticalisation revisited’, Irish University Review 20.1: 120–36.
Kallen, Jeffrey L. (1996). ‘Entering lexical fields of Irish English’, in: Juhani Klemola, Merja Kytö and Matti Rissanen (eds) Speech Past and Present: Studies in English Dialectology in Memory of Ossi Ihalainen. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 101–9.
Kallen, Jeffrey L. (2013). Irish English, Vol. 2. The Republic of Ireland. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
Kennedy, Robert and James Grama (2012). ‘Chain shifting and centralization in California vowels: an acoustic analysis’, American Speech 87.1: 39–56.
Kirk, John M. (1997). ‘Irish English and contemporary literary writing’, in: Jeffrey Kallen (ed.) Focus on Ireland. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp. 189–205.
Kirk, John M. (1998). ‘Ulster Scots. Realities and myths’, Ulster Folklife 44: 69–93.
Kirk, John M. and Jeffrey L. Kallen (2008). ICE-Ireland: a User’s Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Kirk, John M. and Jeffrey L. Kallen (2011). ‘The cultural context of ICE-Ireland’, in: Hickey (ed.) 2011a, pp. 269–90.
Kirwin, William J. (1993). ‘The planting of Anglo-Irish in Newfoundland’, in: Sandra Clarke (ed.) Focus on Canada. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 65–84.
Lucas, Angela (ed.) (1995). Anglo-Irish Poems of the Middle Ages. Dublin: Columba Press.
Macafee, Caroline I. (ed.) (1995). A Concise Ulster Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCafferty, Kevin (2001). Ethnicity and Language Change: English in (London)Derry, Northern Ireland. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
McDermott, Philip (2011). ‘“Irish isn’t spoken here?”, Language policy and planning in Ireland’, in: Hickey (ed.) 2011b, pp. 25–31.
Milroy, James (1978). ‘Belfast: Change and variation in an urban vernacular’, in: Peter Trudgill (ed.) Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 19–36.
Milroy, James (1992). Linguistic Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy (1997). ‘Exploring the social constraints on language change’, in: Stig Eliasson and Ernst Håkon Jahr (eds) Language and its Ecology: Essays in Memory of Einar Haugen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 75–101.
Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy (eds) (1993). Real English. The Grammar of the English Dialects in the British Isles. London: Longman.
Milroy, Lesley (1987). Language and Social Networks. Second edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Montgomery, Michael and Robert Gregg (1997). ‘The Scots language in Ulster’, in: Charles Jones (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 569–622.
Moylan, Séamus (1996). The Language of Kilkenny. Dublin: Geography Publications.
Odlin, Terence (1991). ‘Irish English idioms and language transfer’, English World-Wide 12.2: 175–93.
O’Donovan, John (1845). A Grammar of the Irish Language. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.
O’Hehir, Brendan (1967). A Gaelic Lexicon for ‘Finnegans Wake’ and Glossary for Joyce’s Other Works. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Ó Muirithe, Diarmaid (1996). Dictionary of Anglo-Irish: Words and Phrases from Irish. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
Ó Sé, Diarmuid (1992). ‘The perfect in Modern Irish’, Ériu 43: 39–47.
Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2004). ‘The “after” perfect and related constructions in Gaelic dialects’, Ériu 54: 179–248.
Patterson, David (1860). The Provincialisms of Belfast and the Surrounding Districts Pointed Out and Corrected. Belfast: Alexander Mayne.
Robinson, Philip (1994) [1984]. The Plantation of Ulster. British Settlement in an Irish Landscape, 1600–1670. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation.
Share, Bernard (2003) [1997]. Slanguage: a Dictionary of Slang and Colloquial English in Ireland. Second edition. Dublin, Gill and Macmillan.
Sheridan, Thomas (1781). A Rhetorical Grammar of the English Language Calculated Solely for the Purpose of Teaching Propriety of Pronunciation and Justness of Delivery, in that Tongue. Dublin: Price.
Silverstein, Michael (2003). ‘Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life’, Language and Communication 23: 193–239.
Sullivan, James (1980). ‘The validity of literary dialect: evidence from the theatrical portrayal of Hiberno-English’, Language and Society 9: 195–219.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2010). ‘Lowth as an icon of prescriptivism’, in: Raymond Hickey (ed.) Eighteenth-Century English. Ideology and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–88.
Todd, Loreto (1990). Words Apart: a Dictionary of Northern Irish English. Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe.
Traynor, Michael (1953). The English Dialect of Donegal: a Glossary. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
Vallancey, Charles (1788). ‘Memoir of the language, manners, and customs of an Anglo-Saxon colony settled in the baronies of Forth and Bargie in the County of Wexford, Ireland, in 1167, 1168, 1169’, Transactions of the Royal Academy 2: 19–41.
Wall, Richard (1995). A Glossary for the Irish Literary Revival. Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe.
Walsh, James J. (1926). ‘Shakespeare’s pronunciation of the Irish brogue’, in: James J. Walsh (ed.) The World’s Debt to the Irish. Boston: The Stratford Company, pp. 297–327.
Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (1871). Grammatica Celtica. Revised edition by Hans Ebel. Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagbuchhandlung.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 Raymond Hickey
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hickey, R. (2016). English in Ireland: Development and Varieties. In: Hickey, R. (eds) Sociolinguistics in Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137453471_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137453471_1
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-68697-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-45347-1
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)