Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change ((PSCSC))

  • 291 Accesses

Abstract

Feminist critiques of global development raise concerns with the lack of agency in women’s roles as well as the limited recognition of gender as necessarily connected to normative and structural conditions of power. Population programs particularly focus attention on women as reproductive agents, valuing women in terms of their attribution as potential and actual mothers. There is potential for population programs to situate interventions with an understanding of gender dynamics or even to reinforce women’s leadership rather than targeting women specifically in more passive and limited roles. This chapter explores how development discourse articulates the construction of gender, articulated in institutional documentation describing programs and evaluations, as well as through public discourse. Within this narrative I also explore constructions of development problems and solutions, situating communication as a tool within this narrative, but also as a way of structuring our critique of gendered representation and of social change frameworks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abu-Lughod, L. (2013). Do Muslim Women Need Saving? Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • African Development Bank. (2014). Banking and Insurance: North African women and SMEs — an opportunity hiding in plain view. Africa News. 28 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Jazeera. (2010). Plea to refocus UN millennium goals. Al Jazeera. 20 September, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, K. A. (1996). Politics for family planning in Egypt. Anthropology Today, 12(5), pp. 14–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, K. A. (2002). Faculty deployments: Persuading women and constructing choice in Egypt. Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History, 44(2), pp. 370–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Naggar, M. (2010). In Egypt, women have burdens but no privileges. New York Times. 13 July, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin, S. (2012). The battle against female genital mutilation. Daily News Egypt. 15 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arabic Network for Human Rights Information. (2013). Legal assistant unit at Cairo center for development and human rights getting nine judicial rulings for battered women. Africa News. 12 December, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Associated Press International. (2001). Arab first ladies and activists demand more power for Arab women, support for Palestinian women. Associated Press. 11 November. Accessed 31 August 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banyard, K. (2011). Women are key activists in this revolution. Women are creating slogans, women are at the front and defending protesters … They are not waiting for the West or men to liberate them. The Times (London). 16 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilkisu, H. (2013). Girl Effect University. Daily Trust (Abuja). 7 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cha, A. E. (2014). With help of private industry, USAID review finds $2.9 billion for maternal, child health. The Washington Post Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/with-help-of-private-industry-usaid-review-finds-29-billion-for-maternal-child-health/2014/06/24/4dec87e4-fae7-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html. 20 March 2015.

  • Choate-Nielsen, A. (2012). Writing history: Muslim women reshape their destiny with newfound freedom. Deseret Morning News Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clinton, H. R. (2010). Remarks at the TEDWomen Conference. 8 December, Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/12/152670.htm.

  • Daily News Egypt. (2008a). Egypt celebrates third annual campaign for MDGs. Daily News Egypt. 28 October, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2008b). USAID project aims at empowering underprivileged women. Daily News Egypt. 8 October, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2009a). Women were stronger 30 years ago, says panel. Daily News Egypt. 27 December, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2009b). Conference discusses women’s rights in MENA region. Daily News Egypt. 18 December, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2009c). Women complete first ever management program in Egypt. Daily News Egypt. 4 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2009d). New development program for women in Egypt. Daily News Egypt. 4 October, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2010a). UN official highlights challenges in achieving MDGs in Arab world. Daily News Egypt. 2 December, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2010b). Arab women to head UN’s new gender program? Daily News Egypt. 1 April, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2011). UN women’s first report notes progress and remaining inequalities for Egyptian women. Daily News Egypt. 7 July, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2012). The rise of the debate culture in Egypt. Daily News Egypt. 15 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News Egypt. (2013). Arab women feature in Ana Hunna by Hadel Hegazy. Daily News Egypt. 29 September, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily the Pak Banker. (2011a). Op-Ed: Empowering women powers nations. Daily The Pak Banker. 21 September, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily the Pak Banker. (2011b). The Middle East and North Africa: A new social contract for development. Daily The Pak Banker. 7 April, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily the Pak Banker. (2011c). Centennial celebration of International Women’s Day. Daily the Pak Banker. 10 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, A. (1999). AP photo AMS101. Associated Press International. 8 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumbuya, I. K. (2010). Nation needs to tackle more challenges on the MDGs. Concord Times (Freetown). 5 October, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. (2014). Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014: Main Findings Retrieved from http://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR54/PR54.pdf. 20 March 2015.

  • Egyptian Center for Women’s Rights (ECWR). (2012). Report on Egyptian Women’s Conditions in 2012: Women Get Out to the Streets Retrieved from http://ecwronline.org/pdf/reports/2013/egyptian_women_conditions_in2012.pdf. 6 January 2014.

  • ECWR. (2014). 2014: The Year of Unfulfilled Promises for Women: Women’s Status Report 2014 Summary Retrieved from http://ecwronline.org/upload/annual_report/2014%20report.summerypdf.pdf. 20 March 2015.

  • Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR). (2013). Reclaiming and Redefining Rights. ICPD+20: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the Middle East and North Africa. September. Cairo: EIPR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eid, L. (1994). Queen Noor discusses women’s issues. United Press International. 11 October, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Ikhwa, M. (2014). Egypt making slow progress on genital mutilation. Middle East Institute. 19 November, Retrieved from http://www.mei.edu/content/news/egypt-making-slow-progress-genital-mutilation. 6 January 2014.

  • El-Zanaty, F. & Way, A. (2009). Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2008 Retrieved from http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr220/fr220.pdf. 20 March 2015.

  • Emirates News Agency. (2007). UN honours Sheika Fatima. Emirates News Agency. 22 April, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emirates News Agency. (2008). AWO hail Sheika Fatima’s support to women’s issues. Emirates News Agency. 5 January, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, A. (2000). Place, power, and networks in globalization and postdevelop-ment. In K. Wilkins (Ed.), Redeveloping Communication for Social Change. Theory, Practice and Power (pp. 163–173). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, L. (2014). 2014 is a key year for women’s rights and gender equality. The Guardian Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gavlak, D. (2000). Arab women discuss raising status. United Press International. 21 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, K., Brooks, K., McDougall, J., Patel, P. & Kes, A. (2010). Bridging the Gender Divide: How Technology can Advance Women Economically. Washington, DC: ICRW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girard, F. (2014). Taking ICPD beyond 2015: Negotiating sexual and reproductive rights in the next development agenda. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 9(6), pp. 607–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glinski, A. M., Weiss, E., Shett, A. & Gaynair, G. (2013). Preparing Girls and Women for 21st Century Success: Intel® Teach Findings. Washington DC: ICRW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruskin, S. & Sundari Ravindran, T. K. (2014). Realising the ICPD 20 years later: Shifting the paradigms for research and education. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 9(6), pp. 647–652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, M. C., Foreman, K. J., Naghavi, M., Ahn, S. Y., Wang, M., Makela, S. M., Lopez, A. D., Lozano, R. & Murray, C. J. (12 April 2010). Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: A systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. The Lancet 380(9850), pp. 2053–2260, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60518-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, C. (1994). World population conference: Grim statistics, grimmer reality Cairo slums pack ample evidence of growing crisis. The Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 12 September, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, J., Pitt, C., Greco, G., Berman, P. & Mills, A. (2012). Countdown to 2015: Changes in official development assistance to maternal, newborn, and child health in 2009–10, and assessment of progress since 2003. The Lancet, 380(9848), pp. 1157–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugin. (2006). IBM to send international delegation to 2006 Global Summit of Women. Hugin. 6 June, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Index Mundi (2014). Egypt demographic profile, Retrieved from http://www.indexmundi.com/egypt/demographics_profile.html. 6 January 2015.

  • Inhorn, M. C. (2006). A more open mind toward Iran. The Chronicle of Higher Education Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Islamic Finance News. (2012a). Nevine Loutfy wins best woman in the corporate sector award across the MENA region by the American Chamber of Commerce Annual MENA “Women in Business” award program. Islamic Finance News. 18 May, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Islamic Finance News. (2012b). Yahoo! Business and human rights program and Yahoo! Maktoob host women leaders from Middle East and North Africa for “Change Your World! Cairo” Summit on Social/Digital Media. Islamic Finance News. 20 January, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan Times. (2012). Combining secular and religious views. The Jordan Times. 13 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan Times. (2013). Regional conference on population to be held in Cairo. The Jordan Times Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordanian News Agency. (2010). API organizes a conference on women and youth in Arab development. Jordanian News Agency. 17 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabeer, N. (2011a). Contextualising the Economic Pathways of Women’s Empowerment: Findings from a Multi-Country Programme. Pathways Policy Paper. October. Brighton: Pathways of Women’s Empowerment RPC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabeer, N. (2011b). Policy Brief: MDGs, Social Justice, and the Challenge of Intersecting Inequalities. No. 3. March. London: Centre for Development Policy and Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabeer, N. (2013). Paid Work, Women’s Empowerment, and Inclusive Growth: Transforming the Structures of Constraint. New York: UN Women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser Family Foundation. (2013). The US Government and global maternal, newborn & child health. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Retrieved from http://kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-global-maternal-newborn-and-child-health/. 20 March 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khanna, P. (9 November 2008). Arab women’s body to discuss empowerment. Indo-Asian News Service 7 October, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, D. (2014). As Egyptians grasp for stability, Sisi fortifies his presidency. New York Times Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/world/as-egyptians-grasp-for-stability-sisi-fortifies-his-presidency.html?_r= 0. 23 January 2015.

  • Klugman, J., Hanmer, L., Twigg, S., Hasan, T., McCleary-Sills, J. & Santamaria, J. (2014). Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kraft, J., Wilkins, K., Morales, G., Widyono, M. & Middlestadt, S. (2014). An evidence review of gender-integrated interventions in reproductive and maternal-child health. Journal of Health Communication, 19(1), pp. 122–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristof, N. D. & WuDunn, S. (2009). Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. New York: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuwait Times. (2011). Gender equality facilitates development, productivity. Kuwait Times. 15 September, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lentfer, J. (2014). All eyes on maternal and child health: Ideas, money and know-how not enough. Politics of Poverty. 1 July. Boston: Oxfam America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malaysia General News. (2008). Arab Women Organization conference ends on successful note. Malaysia General News. 14 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database of general news.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malaysian Government News. (2013). More OIC member states sign women development statute. Malaysian Government News. 6 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, A., Kanesathasan, A. & Patel, P. (2012). Connectivity: How mobile phones, computers and the internet can catalyze women’s entrepreneurship. ICRW and Cherie Blair Foundation for Women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, K. (2013). Human Development Report 2013. The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf. 20 March 2015.

  • Malik, K. (2014). Human Development Report 2014. Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2014. 20 March 2015.

  • Malkawi, K. (2013). Regional conference on population to be held in Cairo. Jordan Times. 18 June, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, T. (2013). FAQ on US aid to Egypt: Where does the money go, and how is it spent? Propublica. 9 October, Retrieved from http://www.propublica.org/blog/item/f.a.q.-on-u.s.-aid-to-egypt-where-does-the-money-go-who-decides-how-spent.

  • Middle East Company News Wire. (2012). Arab International Women’s Forum holds ‘Young Arab Women Leaders — The Voice of the Future’ conference. Middle East Company News Wire. 10 December, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health, Arab Republic of Egypt. (2014). Success Factors in Women’s and Children’s Health: Mapping Pathways to Progress, Egypt Retrieved from http://www.who.int/pmnch/knowledge/publications/egypt_coun try_report.pdf.

  • Mitchell, T. (1991). Colonizing Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Mitchell, T. (1999). No factories, no problems: The logic of neo-liberalism in Egypt. Review of African Political Economy, 26(82), pp. 455–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty, C. T. (1991). Cartographies of struggle: Third world women and the politics of feminism. In C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo & L. Torres (Eds.), Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (pp. 1–50). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monazea, E. M. & Khalek, M. A. (2010). Domestic Violence High in Egypt, Affecting Women’s Reproductive Health, Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2010/domesticviolence-egypt.aspx. 6 January 2015.

  • Natividad, M. D., Kolundzija, A. & Parker, R. (2014). ICPD both before and beyond 2014: The challenges of population and development in the twenty-first century. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 9(6), pp. 594–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • The New Zealand Herald. (2014). Hillary Clinton urges equality for women and girls. The New Zealand Herald 8 March 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. & Wilkins, K. (2005). Re-orienting the orientalist gaze. Global Media Journal, 4(6), Article 2, Retrieved from http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/oldsitebackup/submitteddocuments/spring2005/referreed/parksp05.htm. 20 March 2015.

  • Prasad, R. (2014). More education among women helps reduce maternal and child mortality in Bangladesh. The Hindu. June 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • PR Newswire. (1999). Planned Parenthood president Gloria Feldt appointed to US delegation to the Hague International Forum Feb. 8–12. PR Newswire. 2 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • PR Newswire. (2008). Leading US & Egyptian women executives to discuss development of philanthropic sector in Egypt in Cairo, Egypt, 22–23 November 2008. PR Newswire. 20 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • PR Newswire. (2012). British Council conference to raise awareness on women’s rights in Middle East and North Africa. PR Newswire. 1 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • PR Newswire. (2013). AUC Chairperson calls for coordinated efforts for empowerment of the African women to play their role in African development. PR Newswire Africa. 24 April, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • PR Newswire Europe. (2012). British Council conference to raise awareness on women’s rights in Middle East and North Africa. PR Newswire Europe. 1 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravishankar, N., Gubbins, P., Cooley, R. J., Leach-Kemon, K., Michaud, C. M., Jamison, D. T. & Murray, C. J. L. (2009). Financing of global health: Tracking development assistance for health from 1990 to 2007. The Lancet, 373(9681), pp. 2113–2124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Requejo, J., Bryce, J. & Victora, C. (2014). Countdown to 2015: Decade Report (2000–2010) with Country Profiles. Taking Stock of Maternal Newborn and Child Survival Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599573_eng.pdf.

  • Right Vision News. (2009). Turkey: Arab women on the move. Right Vision News. 24 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Right Vision News. (2010). USA: Secretary Clinton’s remarks at the TEDWomen Conference. Right Vision News. 14 December, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Right Vision News. (2011). USA: Achieving the ICPD agenda by 2014 and the MDGs by 2015: Advancing family planning and reproductive health. Right Vision News. 19 April, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, D. (2011). As Middle East erupts, wives of leaders become targets of rage. Regarded as glamorous and progressive in the West, their image backfires at home. Jerusalem Post. 17 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, A. (2010). Poverty Capital: Microfinance and the Making of Development. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, E. (1971). Orientalism. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1995). Human rights and capabilities. Journal of Human Development, 6(2), pp. 151–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, G. (2014). Sexual and reproductive health and rights in the post-2015 development agenda. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 9(6), pp. 599–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, H. & Wilkins, K. G. (2004). Reconsidering geometries of development. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 3(4), pp. 395–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirazi, F. (2009). Velvet Jihad: Muslim Women’s Quiet Resistance to Islamic Fundamentalism. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shirazi, F. (2010). Muslim Women in War and Crisis. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, H. (2002). Arab women the least empowered. Toronto Star. 14 July, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Louis Dispatch. (1999). The fewer, the merrier. St. Louis Dispatch. 9 July, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackhouse, J. (1994). A victory for women’s rights: Cairo/The population and development conference has felt the growing influence of a global network that is effecting profound change in the international arena. The Globe and Mail. 12 September, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • States News Service. (2005a). US provide skills training to Middle East women. States News Service. 17 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • States News Service. (2005b). US commitment to women in Middle East. States News Service. 17 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • States News Service. (2005c). US supports advancement of women in the Middle East. States News Service. 6 September, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • States News Service. (2009). Treaty linking women’s rights and development still vital after 15 years — UN. States News Service. 17 September, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • States News Service. (2013). Through film and life, rural women address poverty and early marriage in Egypt. States News Service. 10 January, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • States News Service. (2014). UN Women Arab States office launches Arabic version of the UN Women “One Woman” song. States News Service. 13 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staudt, K. (1997). Women, International Development, and Politics: The Bureaucratic Mire. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweis, R. (2012). Women’s rights are at a standstill in Jordan: They are largely left out of leadership spots even as change sweeps region. The International Herald Tribune. 8 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabbara, A. (2003). Arab women have more to say in politics but still suffer discrimination. Agence France Presse. 7 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadros, M. (2014). Rethinking feminism. Addis Fortune. 30 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. (2012). Arab women gather together to discuss activism amid popular upheavals. The Daily Star Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Middle East. (2013). Human development: Job opportunities key to sustained economic development. The Middle East. 17 April, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Scotsman. (1995). China calling. The Scotsman. 31 August, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Statesman. (2014). Rich countries advance women, poorest don’t: UN. The Statesman. 14 February, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • This Day (Lagos). (2014). Post-2015 agenda — Addressing the inadequacies in women’s rights. This Day (Lagos). 5 June, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toronto Star. (2009). Women in Arab world driven inside by sexual harassment, says 1st regional conference on topic. Toronto Star. 15 December, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN Arab Human Development Report. (2005). The Arab Human Development Report 2005: Towards the rise of women in the Arab world, Retrieved from http://www.arab-hdr.org/publications/other/ahdr/ahdr2005e.pdf. 20 March 2015.

  • UN Statistics Division. (2008). UN Data Gender Info Retrieved from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/default.html. 20 March 2015.

  • UN Women (2015). Progress towards meeting MDGs for women and girls. Retrieved from http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/mdg-momentum#sthash.NPuv7vKC.dpuf. 6 January.

  • UNFPA (2014a). ICPD Overview Retrieved from http://www.unfpa.org/public/icpd. 22 October 2014.

  • UNFPA (2014b). Framework for Actions for the Follow-up to the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development: Report of the Secretary General Retrieved from http://icpdbeyond2014.org/uploads/browser/files/93632_unfpa_eng_web.pdf. 15 January 2015.

  • UNICEF (2014). Information by Country: Egypt Statistics Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/egypt_statistics.html. 6 January 2015.

  • United Nations. (2014). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014 Retrieved from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2014%20MDG%20report/MDG%202014%20English%20web.pdf. 20 March 2015.

  • US Federal News. (2010). Secretary Clinton announces techwomen program at presidential summit on entrepreneurship. US Federal News. 29 April, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Official News. (2014). Human rights council holds annual full-day discussion on women’s rights. US Official News. 18 June, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, A. Stoebenau, K. & Glinski, A. M. (2014). More Power to Her: How Empowering Girls Can Help End Child Marriage. Washington DC: ICRW.

    Google Scholar 

  • White House. (1999). Morocco: Press schedule for the first lady’s trip to Morocco. Africa News. 29 March, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, K. (1995). Middle Eastern women in Western eyes: A study of US press photographs of Middle Eastern women. In Y. Kamalipour (Ed.), The US Media and the Middle East: Image and Perception (pp. 50–61). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, K. (2004a). The civil Intifada: Power and politics of the Palestinian census. Development & Change, 35(5), pp. 891–908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, K. (2004b). Communication and transition in the Middle East: A critical analysis of US intervention and academic literature. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 66(6), pp. 483–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, K. (2005). Out of focus: Gender visibilities in development. In O. Hemer & T. Tufte (Eds.), Media and Glocal Change — Rethinking Communication for Development (pp. 261–270). University of Göteborg: NORDICOM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, K. (2007). Confronting the missionary position: The mission of development/the position of women. Communication for Development and Social Change: A Global Journal, 1(2), pp. 111–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, K. & Enghel, F. (2013). The privatization of development through global communication industries: Living proof? Media, Culture and Society, 35(2), pp. 165–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L. (2014). Thirteen Days in September: Carter, Begin, and Sadat at Camp Davis. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2012). World Development Report: Gender Equality and Development Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf. 20 March 2015.

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division, Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112682/2/9789241507226_eng.pdf?ua= 1. 20 March 2015.

  • Xinhua General News Service. (2000a). First Arab Women Summit concludes in Cairo. Xinhua General News Service. 20 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua General News Service. (2000b). Participants in first Arab Women Summit arrive in Cairo. Xinhua General News Service. 17 November, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, K. (2000). Accounting for Power in Development Communication. In K. Wilkins (Ed.) Redeveloping Communication for Social Change: Theory, Practice & Power (pp. 197–210). Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yemen Times. (2008). Social stigmas and the adolescent experience of Yemeni youths. Yemen Times. 14 December, Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic Database.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2016 Karin Gwinn Wilkins

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wilkins, K.G. (2016). Communicating Gender in Population Development. In: Communicating Gender and Advocating Accountability in Global Development. Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137450487_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics