Abstract
On 15 November 1944, the Spanish Association of the Press organized a banquet in Madrid to celebrate the 15th edition of the book Italia fuera de combate, written by Ismael Herráiz, the correspondent in Rome for the Fascist newspaper Arriba! since the spring of 1942. In it, the Spanish journalist narrated the events which took place in Italy during the summer of 1943, from the fall of Mussolini on 24 July, until the signing of the armistice with the Allies on 8 September, but he did it with a very critical tone. According to Herráiz, in fact, the delicate international situation in which the country had been left was caused by the cowardice and the incompetence of the Italian people and the political class, including the monarchy, Marshall Pietro Badoglio and the military elite. The only figure that was somehow exonerated in this diatribe was Mussolini, ‘a man who has managed to earn the love and the recognition of the Spanish people’.1 Even though the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs tried to distance itself from the celebration of such a pamphlet, the banquet turned into a big social event also thanks to the presence of some of the most prominent figures inside the Francoist regime, including the Vice President of the Parliament, José María Alfaro, and the Undersecretary of Education, Gabriel Arias Salgado.2
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Notes
Ismael Herráiz, Italia fuera de combate (Madrid: Ed. Atlas, 1944).
Romano Canosa, Mussolini e Franco. Amici, alleati, rivali. Vite parallele di due dittatori (Milano: Mondadori, 2008);
Gennaro Carotenuto, Franco e Mussolini (Milano: Sperling & Kupfer, 2005);
Javier Tusell and Genoveva García, Franco y Mussolini: la política española durante la segunda guerra mundial (Barcelona: Planeta, 1985).
Javier Tusell, Franco, España y la II guerra mundial: entre el eje y la neutralidad (Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1995).
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Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988 (London: Penguin Books, 1990);
Silvio Lanaro, Storia dell’Italia Repubblicana: dalla fine della guerra agli anni novanta, 1st edn (Venezia: Marsilio, 1992);
Aurelio Lepre, Storia d’Italia dall’unità a oggi (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2008);
Philip Morgan, The Fall of Mussolini: Italy, the Italians, and the Second World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
Paolo Nello, Dino Grandi (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2003);
Dino Grandi, 25 luglio: qua-rant’anni dopo (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1983),
Dino Grandi, Il mio paese: ricordi autobiogra-fici (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1985).
Matteo Albanese and Pablodel Hierro, ‘A Transnational Network: The Contact between Fascist Elements in Spain and Italy, 1945–1968’, Politics, Religion and Ideology, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2014, 82–102.
Elena Hernández-Sandoica and Enrique Moradiellos, ‘Spain and the Second World War, 1939–1945’, in Neville Wylie (ed.), European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 251.
More details about the Blue Division in Denis Smyth, ‘The Dispatch of the Spanish Blue Division to the Russian Front: Reasons and Repercussions’, European History Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 October 1994, 537–53.
Balfour and Preston (eds.), Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century; Manuel Ros Agudo, La gran tentación: Franco, el Imperio Colonial y el proyecto de inter-vención española en la segunda guerra mundial (Barcelona: Styria, 2008); Tusell, Franco, España y la II guerra mundial.
Elena Aga Rossi, Una nazione allo sbando: L’armistizio Italiano del Settembre 1943. (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993);
David W. Ellwood, Italy 1943–1945 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985);
Gat, Britain and Italy, 1943–1949; Lutz Klinkhammer, L’occupazione Tedesca in Italia: 1943–1945 (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 2007); Morgan, The Fall of Mussolini.
Silvio Bertoldi, Salo: Vita e morte della Repubblica Sociale Italiana, (Milano: Rizzoli, 1976);
Marino Viganò, Il ministero degli affari esteri e le relazioni internazionali della Repubblica Sociale Italiana (1943–1945) (Milano: Jaca Book, 1991).
Antonio Varsori, ‘Great Britain and Italy 1945–1956: The Partnership between a Great Power and a Minor Power?’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 2, 1992, 188–228.
Effie Pedaliu, ‘Truman, Eisenhower and the Mediterranean Cold War, 1947–1957’, The Maghreb Review, Vol. 31, No. 1–2, 2006, 3.
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Llewellyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War (London: HMSO, 1975).
John Kent, Britain’s Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War, 1944–1949 (Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1993), 212.
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ASMAE: AP, Spain, 1944, folder 66. From Paulucci to Badoglio, 15 January 1944. Falange was a political organization founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933, during the Second Spanish Republic, and inspired by Italian Fascism. The party grew exponentially during the Spanish Civil War becoming a very important pillar of the new Francoist regime. This relevance was evidenced with the creation in 1938 of the position of Minister Secretary General of Falange (or Minister of Falange). More information about Falange in Joan Maria Thomàs, La Falange de Franco. Fascismo y fascistización en el régimen franquista 1937–1945 (Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 2001).
Francisco Gómez-Jordana Souza, Milicia y diplomacia: diarios del Conde de Jordana, 1936–1944 (Burgos: Dossoles, 2002), 212.
José Luis Neila, España y el Mediterráneo en el siglo XX, de los acuerdos de Cartagena al proceso de Barcelona (Madrid: Sílex, 2011).
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Rolf Petri, Storia economica d’Italia: dalla grande guerra al miracolo economico (1918–1963) (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2002).
Andrea Tappi, Un’impresa Italiana nella Spagna di Franco: il rapporto Fiat-Seat dal 1950 al 1980, (Perugia: CRACE, 2008), 20–35.
Equivalence between pesetas and dollars in Albert Carreras, ‘Depresión económica y cambio estructural durante el decenio bélico 1936–1945’, in José Luis García Delgado (ed.), El primer franquismo: España durante la segunda guerra mundial; V colo-quio sobre historia contemporánea de España… (Madrid: Siglo XXI de España Editores, 1989), 10.
In order to obtain a general overview of the Italian fleet during the Second World War, see Giovanni Bernardi, La Marina, gli armistizi e il trattato di pace: settembre 1943–dicembre 1951 (Rome: Ufficio storico della Marina militare, 1979).
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Eitel Friedrich Moellhausen, La carta perdente (Bergamo: Sestante, 1948).
Harris, Allied Military Administration of Italy: 1943–1945. Ellwood, Italy 1943–1945; Richard Lamb, War in Italy 1943–1945: A Brutal Story (London: Penguin Books, 1995);
Victoria Belco, War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy, 1943–1948 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010). Focardi and Klinkhammer, ‘La difficile transizione’, 113–29.
Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (London: Pimlico, 1996);
Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Ismael Saz, Fascismo y franquismo (Valencia: Publicaciones Universitat de Valencia, 2004), 151–71.
More about the press in Jesús Timoteo Álvarez (ed.), Historia de los medios de comunicación en España: periodismo, imagen y publicidad, 1900–1990 (Barcelona: Ariel, 1989).
Stuart Woolf (ed.), The Rebirth of Italy, 1943–50 (London: Longman, 1972).
Elena Aga Rossi and Victor Zaslavsky, Stalin and Togliatti: Italy and the Origins of the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011).
James Edward Miller, The United States and Italy, 1940–1950: The Politics and Diplomacy of Stabilization (Chapel Hill, NC: North Carolina University Press, 1986).
Ellwood, Italy 1943–1945; Agostino Degli Espinosa, Il regno del sud (Milano: Biblioteca universale Rizzoli, 1995); Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy; Gat, Britain and Italy, 1943–1949.
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© 2015 Pablo Del Hierro Lecea
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Del Hierro Lecea, P. (2015). A Question of Pragmatism: Spanish-Italian Relations after the Collapse of the Mussolini Regime, 1943–1945. In: Spanish-Italian Relations and the Influence of the Major Powers, 1943–1957. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448682_2
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