Abstract
One of the most important diplomatic episodes of Grover Cleveland’s second term was already well under way by the time of his inauguration on March 3, 1893. The revolution that had taken place in Hawaii in January of 1893 would prove to be the subject of some of Cleveland’s first policy decisions upon reentering the White House and indeed caused him to take action more than a week before taking the oath of office. Allan Nevins has suggested that the revolution should be considered the most important issue of Cleveland’s entire second term in regard to foreign policy. While this might be a debatable subject, it certainly cannot be denied that Hawaii set the tone for much of what was to come from Cleveland in the four years after his inauguration.1
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Notes
Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932, reprint New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1966), 549.
Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1963), 142.
Walter LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, vol. II: The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 91. The white elite was made up of a mixture of men born in Hawaii of American or European parentage— sometimes marrying into the native ruling class—and those who had emigrated to the islands themselves. Americans and those of American descent made up the majority of this elite and were the dominant force behind the revolution.
Charles S. Campbell, Transformation of American Foreign Policy: 1865–1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 178; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 93.
Richard E. Welch, The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 171.
Richard Olney to Walter Q. Gresham, October 9, 1893, Reel 1, Walter Quintin Gresham Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. In an unfinished memorandum regarding Cleveland’s second term and dictated by Olney in 1901, Olney stated that he and Carlisle had taken the position that the United States must bear some responsibility for the rebels’ actions and thus must protect them. Extracts reproduced in Henry James, Richard Olney and His Public Service (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1923), 197–207.
Grover Cleveland, “Statement to Associated Press,” January 24, 1898, in Allan Nevins Ed., Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908 (Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press, 1933), 491–492.
For the most authoritative single account of the Samoan crises, see Paul Kennedy, The Samoan Tangle: A Study in Anglo-German-American Relations, 1878–1900 (Dublin: Irish University Press, 1974).
Hoganson, Kristin L., Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998), 51–67.
Frank Ninkovich, Global Dawn: The Cultural Foundation of American Internationalism, 1865–1890 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 302–305.
For a definitive account of the Hawaiian protest against the establishment of the Hawaiian Republic, see Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonization (Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2004), 136–137, 170–171.
Charles W. Calhoun, Gilded Age Cato: The Life of Walter Q. Gresham (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1988), 156.
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© 2014 Nick Cleaver
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Cleaver, N. (2014). The Hawaiian Revolution, 1893. In: Grover Cleveland’s New Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448491_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448491_2
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