Abstract
Comparatively few holographs survive in the vast body of Queen Elizabeth I’s correspondence. Understandably, most letters dealing with the run-of-the-mill tasks of ruling a kingdom and diplomacy were composed and written by court ministers and officials. By comparison with the Queen’s other holograph correspondences, such as her letters to James VI and Henry IV, the collection of letters written to Francis, Duke of Anjou (1555–84), or, as he was universally known, “Monsieur,” heir to the French throne, is particularly significant, since it bears on private just as much as public matters. In it, it is to be hoped that the queen’s intimate voice will be heard, one which is not mediated by officials, translators and scribes. That the queen was greatly attached to these letters is beyond doubt, and is best shown by her careful correction and selection of letters to Anjou copied in other hands.1 The letters edited below are not the texts of the letters as received by Anjou, but copies retained in England, part of the archive of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, the queen’s first minister, now at Hatfield House in Hertfordshire: Anjou’s copies of Elizabeth’s letters do not seem to have survived.2 The texts of the letters are framed within a short outline of the progress of the protracted and complicated negotiations for a marriage between Elizabeth and Anjou that took place intermittently between 1578 and 1584.
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Notes
Detailed accounts of the marriage negotiations can be found in Conyers Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925), vol. 2;
Susan Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), 154–94;
Mack P. Holt, The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 113–65. For a pithily written short summary, see
Wallace T. MacCaffrey, “The Anjou Match and the Making of Elizabethan Foreign Policy,” in Peter Clark, Alan G. R. Smith, and Nicholas Tyacke, eds., The English Commonwealth 1547–1640: Essays in Politics and Society Presented to Joel Hurstfield (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1979), 59–75.
For another perspective, including an assessment of some of the differences between Read, Doran, and MacCaffrey, see Natalie Mears, “Love-Making and Diplomacy: Elizabeth I and the Anjou Marriage Negotiations, c.1578–1582,” History, 86 (2001): 442–66.
Heather Wolfe, “‘Neatly Sealed, with Silk, and Spanish Wax or Otherwise’: The Practice of Letter-Locking with Silk Floss in Early Modern England,” in S. P. Cerasano and Steven W. May, eds., In the Prayse of Writing: Early Modern Manuscript Studies. Essays in Honour of Peter Beal (London: British Library, 2012), 169–89: (183). Simier and Anjou are particularly extravagant in their use of other symbols, including love hearts and interlaced initials.
T. E. Hartley, Proceedings in the Parliaments of Elizabeth I, vol. 1: 1558–1581 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1981), 499.
Holt, Duke of Anjou, 166–69; Emily J. Peters, “Printing Ritual: The Performance of Community in Christopher Plantin’s La Joyeuse & Magnifique Entrée de Monseigneur Francoys … d’Anjou,” Renaissance Quarterly, 61 (2008): 370–413.
Though the situation was different when she was offered the opportunity again, in 1585: see Simon Adams, “Elizabeth I and the Sovereignty of the Netherlands 1576–1585,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser. 14 (2004): 309–19.
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© 2014 Carlo M. Bajetta, Guillaume Coatalen, and Jonathan Gibson
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Coatalen, G., Gibson, J. (2014). Six Holograph Letters in French from Queen Elizabeth I to the Duke of Anjou: Texts and Analysis. In: Bajetta, C.M., Coatalen, G., Gibson, J. (eds) Elizabeth I’s Foreign Correspondence. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448415_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448415_2
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