Abstract
At a banquet celebrating the alleged 2500th anniversary of the Iranian monarchy in Persepolis in October 1971, the uneven number of male and female guests meant that Sovereign Prince Rainier III of Monaco found himself seated between Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, the husband of Queen Juliana, and Prince Philip of Britain, the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. When Prince Bernhard wondered why there was a man rather than a lady between them, Prince Philip replied: “Because we are the only male queens.”1 Three months later the exclusive fraternity of male consorts got a third member.
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Notes
Empress Farah of Iran, My Thousand and One Days: An Autobiography, translated from the French by Felice Harcourt (London, 1978), 94.
Thomas Lyngby, Søren Mentz, and Sebastian Olden-Jørgensen: Magt og pragt: Enevælde 1660–1848 (Copenhagen, Gad, 2010), p. 117. The ritual is first known to have taken place on August 25, 1699, when Christian V died and was succeeded by his son, Frederik I V. However, as Denmark had become an elective monarchy in 1660, it is possible that it might also have taken place on the death of Frederik III in 1670.
Jon Bloch Skipper, Tre søstre: Samtaler mellem dronning Margrethe, prinsesse Benedikte og dronning Anne-Marie (Copenhagen, 2008), 22;
Annelise Bistrup, Margrethe (Copenhagen, 2005), 17.
For the process leading to the new Constitution of 1953, see Søren Eigaard, Id eale r og politik: Historien om Grundloven af 1953 (Odense, 1993), where chapter 9 deals specifically with the succession issue.
Anne Wolden-Ræthinge, Queen in Denmark: Margrethe II Talks about Her Life, translated from the Danish by Liv Bentsen (Copenhagen, 1989), 58.
David Cannadine, The Pleasures of the Past (London, 1997), 12.
Stéphanie Surrugue, Enegænger: Portræt af en prins (Copenhagen, 2010), 105.
Wolden-Ræthinge, 57–8; Anne Wolden-Ræthinge, En familie og dens Dronning (Copenhagen, 1996), 196–7; Bistrup, 86.
Prince Henrik with Philippe Viguié Desplaces, Skæbne forpligter, translated from the French by Else Henneberg Pedersen (Copenhagen, 1996), 34.
See also Joseph Valynseele, Les Laborde de Monpezat et leur alliances (Paris, 1975), ch. 9.
Lise Lander, Prins Henrik: Samtaler med Lise Lander (Copenhagen, 1981), p. 33.
See Erling Bjøl, Den franske forbindelse: Fra Holger Danske til Sarkozy (Copenhagen, 2009).
Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen, Kungen är en kvinna: Retorik och praktikk kring kvinnliga monarker under tidigmodern tid (Umeå, 2003), 156.
See also Erik Petersson, Maktspelerskan: Drottning Kristinas revolt (Stockholm, 2011), 149.
Gitte Redder and Karin Palshøj, Frederik: Kronprins af Danmark (Copenhagen, 2008), 55.
Jens Andersen, M: 40 år på tronen (Copenhagen, 2011), 371.
Henrik Lyding, Dronningens teater (Copenhagen, 2009), 21.
Ulla Kjær, Roskilde Domkirke: Kunst og historie (Copenhagen, 2013), 344–7;
Bjørn Nørgaard, “‘Collectioneurisme?’: Om H. K. H. Prinsgemal Henriks skulpturelle arbejde/ ‘Collectionneurism?’: About the Sculptural Work of H. R. H. Prince Consort Henrik,” in Pernille Taagaard Dinesen, Jens Erik Sørensen, and Victoria Marie Christiansen (eds.), Pas de deux royal: Et kun-stnerisk møde/Pas de deux royal: An Artistic Meeting (Aarhus, 2013), 51–71.
Thyge Christian Fønss, Åbent hjerte: Prins Henriks kunstneriske univers (Copenhagen, 2014).
Bodil Cath, Henning Dehn-Nielsen, and Georg Vejen (eds.), Samtale med Regentparret (Copenhagen, 1992), 14.
Jens Otto Krag, Dagbog 1971–1972 (Copenhagen, 1973), 114.
Caroline Bingham, Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1997), 99, 104–5, 108–11, 116–7, 120–1;
Harry Kelsey, Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign (London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2011), 69–70, 73, 82, 93, 97, 99–101.
Charles Beem, The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History (New York and Basingstoke, 2006), 101–39;
Mogens Højland, Jarlen af Bothwell: Danmarks berømteste fange (Copenhagen, 2007), 171, Bingham, 189.
Nancy Goldstone, Joanna: The Notorious Queen of Naples, Jerusalem and Sicily (London, 2010), 48, 77, 82, 93–5, 107–8, 110–1, 120, 125–8, 132–4, 207, 210, 216, 218, 226, 273–4, 328.
William Monter, The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300–1800 (New Haven and London, 2012) argues (p. 60) that what he calls “the Navarrese solution,” that is the concept whereby a queen regnant and her husband “were jointly invested with sovereign powers” and the king consort “took primary responsibility for governing his wife’s kingdom,” was the norm in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This is, however, an oversimplification, as for instance Elena Woodacre has shown in her studies of the Navarrese queens and their husbands [see n. 109 below], yet it was the norm that husbands of queens regnant were allowed at least a share in the rule of their wives’ realms.
Edmund B. d’Auvergne, The Coburgs: The Story of the Rise of a Great Royal House (London, 1911), 139. Queen Maria’s first husband, Duke Auguste of Leuchtenberg, had only been prince consort as he died within four months of the wedding and thus did not sire an heir.
Francis Gribble, The Royal House of Portugal (Port Washington and London, 1970), 229; d’Auvergne, 265.
Daphne Bennett, King Without a Crown: Albert, Prince Consort of England, 1819–1861 (London, 1977), 127;
Monica Charlot, Victoria: The Young Queen (Oxford, 1989), 178–80, 381–2;
Stanley Weintraub, Albert: Uncrowned King (London, 1997), 87–8, 337–9.
John D. Bergamini, The Spanish Bourbons: The History of a Tenacious Dynasty (New York, 1974), 231.
Elena Woodacre, The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512 (New York, 2013.
For the sixth and final queen regnant and king consort of Navarre, see Nancy Lyman Roelker, Queen of Navarre: Jeanne d’Albret, 1528–1572 (Cambridge, 1968), chapters II–VII;
Vincent J. Pitts, Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age (Baltimore, 2009), 2–26, Monter, 131–3.
Roelker, 99; Henrik, 33; Prince Henrik and Philippe Viguié Desplaces, Fotos fra prins Henriks private album, translated from the French by Patricia Jouglas (Copenhagen, 2004), 63; Pitts, 7.
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Isaksen, T.N. (2014). The Prince Who Would Be King: Henrik of Denmark’s Struggle for Recognition. In: Beem, C., Taylor, M. (eds) The Man behind the Queen. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448354_16
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