Skip to main content

The Decline of ‘Late Freedom’? Work, Retirement and Activation — Comparative Insights from Germany and the USA

  • Chapter

Abstract

When it comes to work and retirement, we establish three topics that are currently up for debate in several countries: the rising employment rates of older workers, increases in pension age and the growing prevalence of work beyond retirement. There are several drivers of these developments. First, they are part of fundamental welfare state reforms, as well as of new employment strategies that pursue full employment, including even those sections of the population who had traditionally been willingly excluded. Second, the rejuvenation of old age in medical and social terms has been ongoing for some time, with rising life expectancy and new images of ageing in media, advertising and everyday life. Finally, new generations of elderly have entered the stage with the post-war cohorts of the rather wealthy, healthy and better educated ‘young-old’ currently moving into retirement age.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achenbaum, W. A. (2009), ‘A history of productive aging and the boomers’, in: R. B. Hudson (ed.), Boomer bust? Economic and political issues of the graying society, Westport/London: Praeger, 47–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, H. (1998 [1958]), The human condition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Backes, G. (2006), ‘Widersprüche und Ambivalenzen ehrenamtlicher und freiwilliger Arbeit im Alter’, in: K. Schroeter and P. Zängl (eds.) Altern und bürgerschaftliches Engagement, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 63–94.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Baecker, G. (2011), Rente mit 67? Argumente und Gegenargumente, Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B. and Baltes, M. M. (1989), ‘Optimierung durch Selektion und Kompensation. Ein psychologisches Modell erfolgreichen Alterns’, Zeitschrift für Pädagogik, 35 (1), 85–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkholdt, C. (ed.) (2001), Prekärer Übergang in den Ruhestand, Opladen: Leske + Budrich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, I. (2012), ‘Finanzielle Mindestsicherung und Bedürftigkeit im Alter’, Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, 58 (2), 123–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behr, M. and Hänel, A. (2013), ‘Höher qualifizierte Angestellte als Lebenskraftkalkulierer’, WSI Mitteilungen, 66 (2), 98–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • BMFS (Bundesministerium für Familie und Senioren) (1993), Erster Altenbericht der Bundesregierung. Die Lebenssituation älterer Menschen in Deutschland, Bonn: BMFS.

    Google Scholar 

  • BMFSFJ (Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend) (2006), Fünfter Bericht zur Lage der älteren Generation. Potenziale des Alters in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Berlin: BMFSFJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • BMFSFJ (2010), Sechster Bericht zur Lage der älteren Generation. Altersbilder in der Gesellschaft, Berlin: BMFSFJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boudiny, K. (2013), ‘Active ageing: from empty rhetoric to effective policy tool’, Ageing and Society, 33 (6), 1077–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brauer, K. and Clemens, W. (eds.) (2010), Zu alt? ‘Ageism’ und Altersdiskriminierung auf Arbeitsmärkten, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkert, C. and Sproß C. (2010), ‘Früher oder später: Altersbilder auf Arbeitsmärkten im europäischen Vergleich’, in: K. Brauer and W. Clemens (eds.), Zu alt? ‘Ageism’ und Altersdiskriminierung auf Arbeitsmärkten, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 149–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. N. (1975), Why survive? Being old in America, Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. N. and Gleason, H. P. (eds.) (1985), Productive aging: Enhancing vitality in later life, New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterwegge, C. and Hansen, D. (2012), ‘Altersarmut ist überwiegend weiblich’, in: C. Butterwegge, G. Bosbach and M. W. Birkwald (eds.), Armut im Alter, Frankfurt/New York: Campus, 111–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bytheway, B. (1995), Ageism, Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, T. R. (1997), The journey of life. A cultural history of aging in America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, M. (2010), Governmentality. Power and rule in modern society, Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denninger, T., van Dyk, S., Lessenich, S. and Richter, A. (2014), Leben im Ruhestand. Zur Neuverhandlung des Alters in der Aktivgesellschaft, Bielefeld: Transcript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorbritz, J. and Micheel, F. (2010), ‘Weiterbeschäftigung im Rentenalter’, Bevölkerungsforschung Aktuell, 31 (3), 2–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donicht-Fluck, B. (1989) ‘Neue Alte in den USA’, in: D. Knopf, O. Schäffter and R. Schmidt (eds.) Produktivität des Alters, Berlin: DZA, 232–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The three worlds of welfare capitalism, Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, C. L., Biggs, S. and Phillipson, C. (2003), Social theory, social policy and ageing, Berkshire: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (1999), Towards a Europe for all ages. Promoting prosperity and intergenerational solidarity, COM 221 final, Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAZ (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) (1984), ‘Und dann steht man da.’ Wenn Arbeit nicht mehr das Leben ist, 15 December 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsa (2012), Meinung zur Rente mit 67, Berlin: Forsa, http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/12996/umfrage/beibehaltung-oder-ruecknahme-der-rente-ab-67, date accessed 2 August 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1990), The history of sexuality. Vol. 1: The will to knowledge, London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallup (2013), Three in four U.S. workers plan to work past retirement age, by L. Saad, 23 May 2013, www.gallup.com/poll/162758/three-four-workers-plan-work-past-retirement-age.aspx, date accessed 10 March 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabka, M. (2013), ‘Aktives Altern — Erwerbstätigkeit und bürgerschaftliches Engagement’, WSI Mitteilungen, 66 (5), 329–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertie-Stiftung (2013), Arbeit und Alter. Unternehmens- und Beschäftigtenumfrage, Frankfurt am Main: Hertie-Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holstein, M. B. and Minkler, M. (2003), ‘Self, society and the “New Gerontology” ’, The Gerontologist, 43 (6), 787–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IG Metall (Industriegewerkschaft Metall) (2013): Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zum Renteneintrittsalter: Jeder Zweite will vor 60 in Rente, Frankfurt am Main: IG Metall, http://www.igmetall.de/ergebnisse-einer-umfrage-zum-renteneintrittsalter-12134.htm, date accessed 10 March 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO (International Labour Organization) (2010), World social security report 2010/2011: providing coverage in times of crisis and beyond, Geneva: ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO (2011), Social security for social justice and a fair globalization, Geneva: ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach (2014): Umfrage: Viele wollen länger arbeiten, Archiv-Nr., 11021, Allensbach: IfDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, M. (1987), ‘Ruhestand und Moralökonomie’, in: K. Heinemann (ed.), Soziologie wirtschaftlichen Handelns, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 393–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, M., Gather, C., Künemund, H., Mücke, B., Schürkmann, M., Voges, W. and Wolf, J. (1988), Leben im Vorruhestand, Düsseldorf: Hans-Böckler-Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laclau, E. (1996), Emancipation(s), London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisering, L. (1993), ‘Zwischen Verdrängung und Dramatisierung. Zur Wissenssoziologie der Armut in der bundesrepublikanischen Gesellschaft’, Soziale Welt, 44 (4), 486–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macnicol, J. (2009), ‘Differential treatment by age: Age discrimination or age affirmation?’, in: R. B. Hudson (ed.), Boomer bust? Economic and political issues of the graying society, Westport/London: Praeger, 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minkler, M., and Holstein, M. (2008), ‘From civil rights to … civic engagement? Concerns of two older critical gerontologists about a “new social movement” and what it portends’, Journal of Aging Studies, 22 (2), 196–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow-Howell, N., Hinterlong, J. and Sherraden, M. (eds.) (2001), Productive aging. Concepts and challenges, Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulaert, T. and Biggs, S. (2012), ‘International and European policy on work and retirement: Reinventing critical perspectives on active ageing and mature subjectivity’, Human Relations, 66 (1), 23–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naegele, G. (2002), ‘Active strategies for older workers in Germany’, in: M. Jespen, D. Foden and M. Hutsebaut (eds.), Active strategies for older workers, Brüssel: ETUI, 207–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. D. (2007), ‘Ageism and discrimination’, in: J. E. Birren (ed.), Encyclopedia of gerontology, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 57–64.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rix, W. E. (2009), ‘Will the boomers revolutionize work and retirement?’, in: R. B. Hudson (ed.), Boomer bust? Economic and political issues of the graying society, Westport/London: Praeger, 77–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenmayr, L. (1983), Die späte Freiheit. Das Alter, ein Stück bewusst gelebten Lebens, Berlin: Severin und Siedler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudman, D. L. (2006), ‘Shaping the active, autonomous and responsible modern retiree’, Ageing and Society, 26 (2), 181–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherger, S., Hagemann, S., Hokema, A., Lux, T. (2012), Between privilege and burden. Work past retirement age in Germany and the UK, ZeS-Working Paper No. 4/2012, Bremen: Centre for Social Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeter, K. R. (2000), ‘Die Lebenslage älterer Menschen im Spannungsfeld zwischen “Freiheit” und “sozialer Disziplinierung” ’, in: G. Backes and W. Clemens (eds.), Lebenslagen im Alter, Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 31–52.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, J. H. and Binstock, R. H. (2006), Aging nation. The economics and politics of growing older in America, Westport/London: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Select Committee on Aging, U.S. House of Representatives (1981), ‘Mandatory retirement: The social and human cost of enforced idleness’ in: C. S. Kart and B. B. Manard (eds.), Aging in America, Sherman Oaks: Alfred Publishing, 260–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sennett, R. (1998), The corrosion of character, New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenner, P., McFarquhar, T. and Bowling, A. (2011), ‘Older people and “active ageing”: Subjective aspects of ageing actively’, Journal of Health Psychology, 16 (3), 467–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, P. (1981), ‘The structured dependency of the elderly’, Ageing and Society, 1 (1), 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dyk, S. (2009), ‘Das Alter: adressiert, aktiviert, diskriminiert’, Berliner Journal für Soziologie, 19 (4), 601–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dyk, S. and Lessenich, S. (2009), ‘Ambivalenzen der (De-)Aktivierung: Altwerden im flexiblen Kapitalismus’, WSI-Mitteilungen, 62 (10), 540–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dyk, S., Lessenich, S., Denninger, T. and Richter, A. (2013), ‘The many meanings of active ageing. Confronting public discourse with older people’s stories’, Recherches Sociologiques et Anthropologiques, 44 (1), 97–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venn, S. and Arber, S. (2011), ‘Day-time sleep and active ageing in later life’, Ageing and Society, 31 (2), 197–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, C. and Motel-Klingebiel, A. (eds.) (2013), Altern im sozialen Wandel: die Rückkehr der Altersarmut?, Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. (2002), ‘A strategy for active ageing’, International Social Security Review, 55 (1), 121–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. and Taylor, P. (1993), ‘Ageism versus productive aging: The challenge of age discrimination in the labor market’, in: S. A. Bass, F. G. Caro and Y.-P. Chen (eds.), Achieving a productive aging society, Westport/London: Auburn House, 61–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zähle, T. and Möhring, K. (2010), ‘Berufliche Übergangssequenzen in den Ruhestand’, in: P. Krause and I. Ostner (eds.), Leben in Ost- und Westdeutschland, Frankfurt/New York: Campus, 331–46.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Silke van Dyk

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Dyk, S. (2015). The Decline of ‘Late Freedom’? Work, Retirement and Activation — Comparative Insights from Germany and the USA. In: Scherger, S. (eds) Paid Work Beyond Pension Age. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137435149_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics