Abstract
In the 1980s Margaret Thatcher’s voice had seemed to carry an iron authority that had firmly kept political opponents in their place. Headlines in the popular Sun newspaper screamed of bashing the miners, routing the ‘Argies’ and smashing the Unions, and Thatcher’s tactic seemed to be to squash, silence and suppress. When she banned the direct voices of Sinn Fein politicians in the late 1980s however, the rich actor’s voice that spoke the words of Gerry Adams seemed to stoke more fascination for the muted voice of the political leader. As a North-South divide split the country, Yosser Hughes’ Liverpudlian mantra ‘Gizza job’ echoed through the age like a plaintive symptom of the unemployed man’s alienation.1 Alternative voices in magazines Spare Rib and Marxism Today, or of the women of Greenham Common, seemed to be a part of this marginalised, but nevertheless substantial culture of dissent. Thatcher’s own infamously crafted voice, lowered in tone to downplay the semiotics of a feminine presence, spoke both of the social mobility of the educated conservative as well as of the ways she exercised her authority according to the male norms of the period. Her use of the Lincolnshire dialect word ‘frit’ in 1983 seemed to be designed not to remind the voters of her relatively humble background, but to scare the Opposition benches with the Boedecian credentials of the Iron Lady.2
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Notes
See Robert Busby, Marketing the Populist Politician: The Democratic Democrat (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 82, and Graham Ball, ‘Mr Major Has Found a More Macho Voice, Oh Yes’, Independent, 3 November 1996, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/mr-major-has-found-a-more-macho-voice-oh-yes-1350436.html [accessed 15 July 2013].
See Richard Hefferman and Mike Marquese, Defeat from the Jaws of Victory: Inside Kinnock’s Labour Party (London: Verso, 1992), p. 206.
One of Blair’s chief advisors, marketing and advertising executive Philip Gould, had worked closely with Clinton’s press strategy and polling team in the run up to the 1997 election. See Philip Gould, Unfinished Revolution (London: Abacus, 1999).
Labour Party, New Labour: Because Britain Deserves Better (London: Labour Party, 1997), p. 3.
The number of black and Asian MPs rose from 5 in 1992 to 9 in 1997. Richard Cracknell, ‘Social Background of MPs’, House of Commons Library, November 2005, http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/notes/snsg-01528.pdf [accessed 31 December 2006]; Bhikhu Parekh, The Parekh Report (London: Profile, 2000), p. 3.
See, for example, Alwyn W. Turner, A Classless Society: Britain in the 1990s (London: Aurum, 2013), pp. 6–7.
The Routes of English, produced by Simon Elmes and Tony Phillips, presented by Melvyn Bragg, (BBC Radio 4), 1999; Simon Elmes, Talking for Britain: A Journey Through the Nation’s Dialects (London: Penguin, 2006); ‘Sounds Familiar’, http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html [accessed 23 February 2008]; ‘Your Voice’, http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/ [accessed 23 February 2008].
Peter Trudgill and Richard Watts, Introducing Language and Society (London: Penguin, 1992) p. 71.
Peter Trudgill and Richard Watts, Alternative Histories of English (New York: Routledge, 2002), p. iv.
In 1999 Taavitsainen, Melchers, and Pahta saw ‘linguistic variation as a complex continuum of language use from standard to nonstandard […] covering several dimensions from one pole to another’. Irma Taavitsainen, Gunnel Melchers and Päivi Pahta, ‘Introduction’, in Writing in Nonstandard English, edited by Irma Taavitsainen, Gunnel Melchers and Päivi Pahta (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999), p. 1.
Paul Foulkes and Gerard Docherty, ‘Introduction’, in Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles, edited by Paul Foulkes and Gerard Docherty (London: Arnold, 1999), pp. 3–17 (p. 13).
Norman Fairclough, New Labour, New Language? (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 98.
Michael Peace, ‘Informalization in UK Party Election Broadcasts 1966–1997’, Language and Literature, 14 (2005), 65–90.
Paddy Scannell, Radio, Television and Modern Life: A Phenomenological Approach (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), p. 74.
Bob Franklin, Packaging Politics: Political Communications in Britain’s Media Democracy (London: Arnold, 2004), p. 10.
Martin Montgomery, ‘Speaking Sincerely: Public Reaction to the Death of Diana’, Language and Literature, 8 (1999), 5–34 (p. 26).
Anthony Giddens, The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies (Cambridge: Polity, 1992), p. 186.
Anthony Giddens, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (Oxford: Polity, 1998), p. 78.
An Arts Council England report issued in 1998 shows that the level of public funding in the UK in the 1990s stood at 0.14% of GDP, far below the average of comparable countries. Arts Council England, International Data on Public Spending in the Arts in Eleven Countries (Arts Council England, 1998). In 2002, the Treasury’s Comprehensive Spending Review promised an annual increase in real terms of 3.5% to the Arts for three years. HM Treasury, Spending Review 2002, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20071204130111/http://hm-treasury.gov.uk/spending_review/spend_sr02/press/spend_sr02_pressdcms.cfm [accessed 3 January 2015].
Arts Council England, Grants for the Arts (Arts Council England, 2005), p. 4.
Dominic Shellard, Economic Impact Study of UK Theatre (Arts Council England, 2004), http://www.aandb.org.uk/render.aspx?siteID=1&navIDs=1,8,250 [accessed 6 January 2006].
David Edgar, State of Play, edited by David Edgar (London: Faber & Faber, 1999), p. 24.
Tony Blair, The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century (London: Fabian Society, 1998)
Arts Council England, Our Agenda for the Arts 2006–8 (Arts Council England, 2006), p. 1.
Arts Council England, Paving the Way: Mapping of Young People’s Participatory Theatre (Arts Council England, 2007), http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/publication_archive/paving-the-way-mapping-of-young-peoples-participatory-theatre/ [accessed 30 January 2012].
See also Bill McDonnell and Dominic Shellard, Social Impact Study of UK Theatre (Arts Council England, 2006), p. 3.
Similarly, Helen Jermyn’s ACE report states that the ‘performance’ of communities is aided by young people’s involvement in arts and sports. Helen Jermyn, Arts in England: Attendance, Participation and Attitudes in 2001 (Arts Council England, 2001), p. 86.
The ideology of the National Curriculum was derived from the theories of Basil Bernstein, who recognised that working-class speakers can be ‘disval-ued and humiliated’ within institutions dominated by middle-class norms. Basil Bernstein, ‘Social Class, Language and Socialisation’, in The Routledge Language and Cultural Theory Reader, edited by Lucy Burke, Tony Crowley and Alan Girvin (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 448–55.
Renate Bartsch, Norms of Language: Theoretical and Practical Aspects (London and New York: Longman, 1987), p. 290–1.
J. K. Chambers, ‘World Enough and Time: Global Enclaves of the Near Future’, American Speech, 75 (2000), 285–7 (p. 287).
Sue Clifford and Angela King, England in Particular: A Celebration of the Commonplace, the Local, the Vernacular and the Distinctive (Oxford: Hodder and Stoughton, 2006).
A BBC/Mori poll reported that while 62% of respondents believed Britain to be a better place because of multiculturalism, 32% thought it threatened the British way of life. ‘Muslims “Want Sermons in English”’, 11 August 2005, http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/press_releases/108_08/index.html [accessed 25 November 2007]; ETHNOS, The Decline of Britishness: A Research Survey (Commission for Racial Equality, 2005).
Paul Gilroy, After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004), p. 95; also see Michael Collins, ‘Sinking … Poor White Boys Are the New Failing Class’, Sunday Times, 19 November 2006, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2092–2459733,00.html [accessed 26 November 2006].
See The Fuse Group, Language and Sexual Imagery in Broadcasting: A Contextual Investigation, (Office of Communications, 2005), p. 10, http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/radio/reports/bcr/language.pdf [accessed 25 November 2006].
See Paul Bagguley and Yasmin Hussain ‘The Bradford Riot of 2001: A Preliminary Analysis’, conference paper at the Ninth Alternative Futures and Popular Protest Conference, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2003, http://www.leeds.ac.uk/sociology/people/pbdocs/Bradfordriot.doc [accessed 25 November 2006]; British National Party, Rebuilding British Democracy, http://www.bnp.org.uk/candidates2005/manifesto/manf4.htm [accessed 25 November 2007].
Commission on Integration and Cohesion, Our Shared Future (Commission on Integration and Cohesion, 2007), p. 126, http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Education/documents/2007/06/14/oursharedfuture.pdf [accessed December 16 2009].
Helen Freshwater, Theatre Censorship in Britain: Silencing, Censure and Suppression (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 148.
Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), p. 287.
Political sociologists Lewis, Inthorn and Wahl-Jorgenson note that Habermas’ vision of ideal democracy is related to a series of predecessors. Sanna Inthorn, Justin Lewis and Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, Citizens or Consumers: What the Media Tell us About Political Participation (Maidenhead: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 5.
Also see Ruth Finnegan, Literacy and Orality: Studies in the Technology of Communication (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), p. 5.
For Noam Chomsky, the process of democracy is a ‘sham’ that seeks to suppress the public’s ‘voice’. Noam Chomsky, Deterring Democracy (London: Verso, 1991), p. 6, p. 352; Fairclough, p. 12.
Jonas Barish, The Anti-theatrical Prejudice (Berkeley and LA: University of California Press, 1981).
Erving Goffman, The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life (New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1959), p. 253.
Joe Kelleher, ‘Our Radius of Trust: Community, War and the Scene of Rhetoric’, in Blairism and the War of Persuasion, edited by Deborah Lynn Steinberg and Richard Johnson (London: Laurence and Wishart, 2004), pp. 173–85 (pp. 173–4).
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© 2015 Margaret Inchley
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Inchley, M. (2015). New Labour, New Voicescapes, 1997–2007. In: Voice and New Writing, 1997–2007. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137432339_2
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