Abstract
Imagine a fully conscious man strapped faced down on a cold steel table. A sharp knife, hovering above, descends to carve descriptions of his hideous deeds into his back. Another device follows the knife to stop the bleeding and cleanse the wound before a third device fills the open wounds with ink. The machine—called the Harrow—“goes on writing, more and more deeply, for twelve hours.”1 With this, the writer Franz Kafka provides a harrowing iconic image of torture in his dark story The Penal Colony.
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Notes
Franz Kafka, “In the Penal Colony,” in Kafka’s Selected Stories, ed. Stanley Corngold (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007), 44.
William Schabas, Unimaginable Atrocities: Justice, Politics, and Rights at the War Crimes Tribunals (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Photo: Sanford Levinson, ed. Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press, 2006), 4. Photo originally an engraving appended to the Austrian Empire’s 1769 Criminal Procedure Code.
Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Lnterpretive Anthropology, 3rd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 84. (Promoting symbolic anthropology, which examines the interpretation of symbols).
Laura Perini, “The Truth in Pictures,” Philosophy of Science 72 (2005): 262, 274.
See generally, Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 3rd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 1962)
Mary Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science revised ed. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 1966).
Michael Weisberg, Simulation and Similarity: Using Models To Understand The World (New York: Oxford, 2013).
See Theo van Leeuwen and Carey Jewitt, eds. Handbook of Visual Analysis (London: SAGE Publications, 2001), 73.
See Thomas W. Simon, Democracy and Social Lnjustice: Law, Politics, and Philosophy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995), 21.
Ronald Dworkin, Law’s Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 72.
Denise Chong, The Girl in The Picture: The Story of Kim Phuc, the Photograph, and the Vietnam War (New York: Viking, 2000), 76.
Eamonn Carrabine, “Just Images: Aesthetics, Ethics, and Visual Criminology,” British Journal of Criminology 52 (2012): 463.
Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1977), 20.
Susan Sontag, Regarding The Pain Of Others (New York: Penguin, 2004), 105.
Adam L. Rosman, “Visualizing the Law: Using Chats, Diagrams, and Other Images to Improve Legal Briefs,” Journal of Legal Education 63 (2013): 70.
See Alfred W. McCoy, “Beyond Susan Sontag: The Seduction of Psychological Torture,” in Screening Torture: Media Representations of State Terror and Political Domination, eds. Michael Flynn and Fabiola F. Salek (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 109, 115. Stating the Inquisition also may have marked a theological shift from the life to the death of Jesus.
Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (1887), 1: 82.
Claudia Card, The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
John H. Langbein, Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Régime (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).
Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).
See Jerome H. Skolnick and James J. Fyfe, Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force (New York: Free Press, 1993), 43. This may have something to do with the origin of the phrase “the third degree,” a euphemism for brutal police interrogation techniques.
Seth F. Kreimer, “Too Close to the Rack and the Screw: Constitutional Constraints on Torture in the War on Terror,” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 6 (2003): 278, 289.
See Jeremy Waldron, “Torture and Positive Law: Jurisprudence for the White House” 105 Columbia Law Review (2005): 1681, 1703, critiquing the analysis of torture on a continuum.
Elizabeth Swanson Goldberg, Beyond Terror: Gender, Narrative, Human rights (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 213.
Jane Mayer, The Dark Side: The Lnside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ldeals (New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2008), 171.
Timothy Brook, Jérôme Bourgon, Gregory Blue Death by a Thousand Cuts (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 2.
James Elkins, The Object Stares Back: On the Nature of Seeing (New York: Mariner Books, 1996), 110.
Sir Henry Norman, The People and Politics of the Far East (London: T. F. Unwin, 1895), 224–25.
Chris Berry, “Lust, Caution: Torture, Sex, and Passion in Chinese Cinema,” in Screening Torture: Media Representations of State Terror and Political Domination, eds. Michael Flynn and Fabiola F. Salek (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 71, 79.
Jérôme Bourgon, “Obscene Vignettes of Truth. Construing Photographs of Chinese Executions as Historical Documents,” in Visualizing China: 1845–1965, eds. Christian Henriot and Wen-hsin Yeh (Boston, MA: Brill, 2013), 39, 89–90.
Melinda Smith and Jeanne Segal, Child Abuse & Neglect, Helpguide.org, http://www.helpguide.org/mental/child_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm (last updated July 2014).
John E.B. Myers, “A Short History of Child Protection in America,” Family Law Quarterly 42 (2008–2009), 449–50.
John E.B. Myers, Child Protection in America: Past, Present, and Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 30.
Thomas Hove et al., “Newspaper Portrayals of Child Abuse: Frequency of Coverage and Frames of the Issue,” Mass Communication and Society 16 (2013): 89, 91.
David Finkelhor et al., Updated Trends in Child Maltreatment, 2012 (University of Nebraska Press, 2013), 2.
See generally Philip E. Carlan, Lisa S. Nord, and Ragan A. Downey, An Introduction to Criminal Law (Jones & Bartlett, 2011), 5. In New York State, First Degree Grand Larceny is the stealing of property that exceeds one million dollars and carries a sentence not to exceed 25 years, whereas Fourth Degree Grand Larceny consists of stealing property that exceeds one thousand dollars with a sentence not to exceed four years imprisonment.
Guyora Binder, “The Origins of American Felony Murder Rules” Stanford Law Review 57 (2004): 120–21. Giving the example that only some common law jurisdictions such as California recognize the felony murder rule, making participants in a felony liable for murder even if unintentional.
John T. Parry, “What Is Torture, Are We Doing It, and What If We Are?” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 64 (2003): 249. For Parry, torture occurs “against a background of total control and potential escalation that asserts the state’s dominance and unsettles or destroys the victim’s normative world.”
J. Jeremy Wisnewski, Understanding Torture (Edinburgh University Press, 2010), 10.
Henry Shue, “Torture,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 7, no. 2 (1978): 124.
Michael Davis, “The Moral Justifiability of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19 (2005): 167.
David Sussman, “What’s Wrong with Torture?” Philosophy & Public Affairs 33, no. 1 (2005): 4.
Harvey M. Weinstein, “Victims, Transitional Justice and Social Reconstruction: Who Is Setting the Agenda?” in Justice For Victims: Perspectives on Rights, Transition andReconciliation, ed. Inge Vanfraechem, Antony Pemberton and Felix Mukwiza Ndahinda (2014), 161, 169.
David Luban and Henry Shue, “Mental Torture: A Critique of Erasures in U.S. Law,” Georgetown Law Journal 100, no. 3 (2012): 823, 860.
See, for example, Anthony Cullen, “Defining Torture in International Law: A Critique of the Concept Employed by The European Court of Human Rights,” California Western International Law Journal 34, no. 1 (2003): 29, 33. “The experience of the victim is of primary consideration in determining acts that constitute torture.”
Jeremy Waldron, “The Coxford Lecture, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment: The Words Themselves,” Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 23 (2010): 269.
Cf. Bernhard Schlink, “The Problem with Torture Lite,” Cardozo Law Review 29 (2007): 85, 86 (“Whatever the wording, the distinction between torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment is one of intensity. Intensity is also the crucial factor in the book’s second distinction, the one between cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or treatment that shocks the conscience, and highly coercive interrogation techniques deemed acceptable.”).
Metin Başoğlu et al., “Torture vs. Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment: Is the Distinction Real or Apparent?” Arch Gen Psychiatry 64 (2007): 284. (“[A]lthough there is evidence that torture leads to PTSD in some cases, many people survive extremely severe torture in relatively good psychological health and never develop PTSD. Conversely, some survivors develop PTSD after ostensibly milder forms of ill treatment or psychological stressors that do not involve physical torture.”)
Jessica Wolfendale, “The Myth of ‘Torture Lite’,” Ethics & International Affairs 23 (2009): 56.
Jeremy Waldron, Torture, Terror, and Trade-Off: Philosophy for the White House (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 277, 278.
Andrew Mumford, “Minimum Force Meets Brutality: Detention, Interrogation and Torture in British Counter-Insurgency Campaigns,” Journal of Military Ethics 11, no. 1 (2012): 17.
Amanda C. Pustilnik, “Pain as Fact and Heuristic: How Pain Neuroimaging Illuminates Moral Dimensions of Law,” Cornell Law Review 97 (2012): 825.
Dan Jones, “Beyond Waterboarding: The Science of Interrogation,” New Scientist 205 (2010): 40.
Cf. Pustilnik, “Pain as Fact and Heuristic,” 825. Citing John T. Parry, “Escalation and Necessity: Defining Torture at Home and Abroad” in Torture: A Collection, ed. Sanford Levinson (2004), 147–48.
See Aage R. Moller, “Similarities between Chronic Pain and Tinnitus,” American Journal of Otolaryngology 18 (1997): 577–88.
See Alan Lockwood et al., “Tinnitus,” New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002): 904.
Yoshio Takashima et al., “Diversity in the Neural Circuitry of Cold Sensing Revealed by Genetic Axonal Labeling of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 Neurons,” Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2007): 14148.
Oona Hathaway et al., “Tortured Reasoning: The Intent to Torture under International and Domestic Law,” Virginia Journal of International Law 52 (2012): 795.
Manfred Nowak, “What Practices Constitute Torture?: US and UN Standards,” Human Rights Quarterly 28 (2006): 821.
See generally Paul H. Robinson and Jane A. Grall, “Element Analysis in Defining Criminal Liability: The Model Penal Code and Beyond,” Stanford Law Review 35 (1983): 681. Discussing the changes between common law criminal elements and the 1981 Model Penal Code.
Mary Holper, “Specific Intent and the Purposeful Narrowing of Victim Protection Under the Convention Against Torture,” Oregon Law Review 88 (2009): 779. Noting the US Reservation “shifted the focus in [Torture Convention] protection cases off the victim and onto the alleged torturer.” (alteration in original).
Hitomi Takemura, “Big Fish and Small Fish Debate: An Examination of Prosecutorial Discretion,” International Criminal Law Review 7 (2007): 680.
Thomas W. Simon, The Laws of Genocide: Prescription for a Just World (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007), 62.
Philip L. Reichel, Comparative Criminal Justice Systems (Engelwood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994), 72.
See Aditi Bagchi, “Intention, Torture, and the Concept of State Crime,” Penn State Law Review 114 (2009): 4. Advocating to abandon the intent requirement altogether for holding states responsible for the crime of torture.
Lisa Yarwood, “Defining Torture: The Potential for Abuse,” Journal of the Lnstitute of Justice & International Studies 2008 (2008): 328.
Matthew H. Kramer, Torture And Moral Lntegrity: A Philosophical Enquiry (2014), 243.
See generally Mathew Lippman, “The Development and Drafting of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,” Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 17 (1994): 275. Unfortunately, this article is not a very revealing piece.
Iveta Cherneva, “The Drafting History of Article 2 of the Convention Against Torture,” 9 Essex Human Rights Review 9 (2012): 7–8.
Rosemary Foot, “Torture: The Struggle over a Peremptory Norm,” International Relations 20 (2008): 132.
See Omer Ze’ev Bekerman, “Torture: The Absolute Prohibition of a Relative Term: Does Anyone Know What is in Room 101?” American Journal of Criminal Law 53 (2005): 743.
Elie Wiesel and Merle Hoffman, “I am against Fanatics,” in On Prejudice: A Global Perspective, ed. Daniela Gioseffi (New York: Anchor Books, 1993), 549–50.
See J. Herman Burgers and Hans Danelius, The United Nations Convention Against Torture (1988), 124.
Thomas W. Simon, “Genocide, Evil, and Injustice: Competing Hells” in Genocide and Human Rights, A Philosophical Guide, ed. John K. Roth (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 65.
Henry Shue, “Torture in Dreamland: Disposing of the Ticking Bomb,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 37 (2006): 231.
Lucette. M. Lagnado, Children of the Flames: Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz (1992). Explaining that Mengele would perform massive blood transfusions from one twin to another.
Michael Dorf, “Renouncing Torture,” in The Torture Debate in America, ed. Karen J. Greenberg (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 247, 250.
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© 2016 Thomas W. Simon
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Simon, T.W. (2016). Torture. In: Genocide, Torture, and Terrorism. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137415110_5
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