Abstract
If we want to look at the relationship between prisons and the surrounding society today, and thereby the possible interrelations between prisoners and their families, it makes sense to take a step backwards in time to when the modern prison system broke through in the Western world and created the foundation for our current system of imprisonment. How did it all start; how were prisons used and constructed; and what did that mean for prisoners, their families and children?
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Notes
Smith (2004a); Peter Scharff Smith “The Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prison Inmates: A Brief History and Review of the Literature”, in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 34, ed. Michael Tonry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 441–528.
See also Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1995),
and Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850 (London: Macmillan, 1978).
See, for example, Norman Johnston, Forms of Constraint: A History of Prison Architecture (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), chapters 4–6;
Ricardo Salvatore and Carlos Aguirre (ed.) The Birth of the Penitentiary in Latin America: Essays on Criminology, Prison Reform, and Social Control 1830–1940 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), chapter 1.
Peter Scharff Smith, “Isolation and Mental Illness in Vridsløselille 1859–1873 — A New Perspective on the Breakthrough of the Modern Penitentiary”, Scandinavian Journal of History 29, no. 1 (2004), 1–25.
Herman Franke, “The Rise and Decline of Solitary Confinement: Socio-Historical Explanations of Long-Term Penal Changes”, British Journal of Criminology 32, no. 2 (1992), 128; Smith (2006a);
Francis Gray, Prison Discipline in America (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1847), 181. See also Smith (2004b).
Bill Forsythe, “Loneliness and Cellular Confinement in English Prisons 1878–1921”, British Journal of Criminology 44, no. 5 (2004), 761; Ignatieff (1978, 3); Smith (2006a).
N. Johnsen, En fanges dag paa Vridsløselille [A Prisoner’s Day at Vridsløselille], unpublished manuscript, 1929.
See Nilsson, R. (1999), En välbyggd maskin, en mardröm för själen: Det svenska fängelsesystemet under 1800-talet. Lund: Lund University Press,
and Ann-Christine Petersson Hjelm, Fängelset som välfärdsbygge (Stockholm: Institutet för rättshistorisk forskning, 2011).
Ben Raikes and Kelly Lockwood, “Mothering from the Inside. A Small-Scale Evaluation of Acorn House, an Overnight Child Contact Facility at HMP Askham Grange”, Prison Service Journal 194 (2011), 22.
Quoted from Peter Scharff Smith, “Sindssyge bag tremmer”, in Det forrykte menneske. Den psykisk syge i historien, ed. Edith Mandrup Rønn and Inger Hartby (Ebeltoft: Skippershoved, 2006b), 229.
Simo Køppe, Neurosens opståen og udvikling i 1800-tallet [The Emergence and Development of Neurosis in the 17th Century] (Copenhagen: Frydenlund, 2004), 132 f.
Michael H. Stone, Healing the Mind: A History of Psychiatry from Antiquity to the Present (New York: W. W. Norten & Co., 1998), 114.
Knud Waaben, Retspsykiatri og strafferet i historiens lys [Forensic Psychiatry and Criminal Law in the Light of History] (Copenhagen: Janssen-Cilag, 1997), 96.
Christian Borch, Kriminalitet og magt: Kriminalitetsopfattelser i det 20. århun-drede (Copenhagen: Politisk Regy, 2005), 35.
Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Penguin Books 1992), 123 ff.
K. K. Steincke, Fremtidens Forsørgelsesvæsen: Oversigt over og Kritik af den samlede Forsørgelseslovgivning samt Betænkning og motiverede Forslag til en systematisk Nyordning (Copenhagen: Stultz, 1920), 237.
Gunnar Myrdal and Alva Myrdal, Krise i befolkningsspørgsmaalet (Copenhagen: Martin, 1935), 179.
Hjelm (2011, 219 and 239). With regard to discussions on biological theories and their application on criminals and prisoners in Norway, see E. Schaanning, Menneskelaboratoriet. Botsfengslets historie (Oslo: Scandinavian Academic Press, 2007).
Rachel Condry, Families Shamed: The Consequences of Crime for Relatives of Serious Offenders (Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007), 66.
See, for example, Robert Anderson, “A Blessing in Disguise: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnoses and Swedish Correctional Treatment Policy in the 21st Century”, in Ugelvik, T., and Dallum, J. (eds) (2011), Penal Exceptionalism? Nordic Prison Policy and Practice. New York: Routledge.
George Schrøder, Fængselspsychoser og Psychoser i Fængslet [Prison Psychoses and Psychoses in Prison] (Copenhagen: J. Lund, 1913), 22.
Harald Selmer: Statistiske Meddelelser og Undersøgelser fra Sindssygeanstalten ved Aarhus I dens første 25 Aar [Statistical Notifications and Surveys from the Mental Illness Institution by Aarhus in its First 25 Years] (Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel 1879), 147.
See, for example, Gresham Sykes, The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), originally published in 1958,
as well as Stanley Cohen and Laurie Taylor, Psychological Survival. The Experience of Long-term Imprisonment (New York: Vintage Books, 1974).
For a more recent example, see Adrian Ground’s “Understanding the Effects of Wrongful Imprisonment”, in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, ed. Michael Tonry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
See also Ben Crewe, “Depth, Weight, Tightness: Revisiting the Pains of Imprisonment”, Punishment & Society 13, no. 5 (December 2011), 509–529,
and Ben Crewe, “The Sociology of Imprisonment”, Handbook on Prisons, ed. Y. Jewkes (Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing, 2009), 123 ff.
James Bonta and Paul Gendrau, “Re-examining the Cruel and Unusual Punishment of Prison Life”, in Long-term Imprisonment: Policy, Science, and Correctional Practice, ed. Timothy Flanagan (Thousand Oaks: SAGE 1995), 76.
See Henrik Steen Andersen, “Mental Health in Prison Populations”, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 110, supplement to no. 424 (2004), 39.
Hans Toch, Living in Prison: The Ecology of Survival (Easton: American Psychological Association, 2002), xv.
Craig Haney, “The Contextual Revolution in a Psychology and the Question of Prison Effects”, in The Effects of Imprisonment, ed. A. Liebling and S. Maruna (Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing 2005), 78.
Bengt Holmgren, Thomas Frisell and Bo Runeson, Psykisk hälsa hos häktade med restriktioner (Norrköping: Kriminalvårdens Utvecklingsenhet, 2011).
Raikes and Lockwood (2011, 19). Raikes and Lockwood refer to Pat Carlen and Anne Worrall,: Analysing Women’s Imprisonment, 2004;
and Tuerk, E. H. and Loper, A.B. (2006) “Contact between Incarcerated Mothers and Their Children: Assessing Parenting Stress”, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 43, no. 1, 23–43.
Christopher Wildeman and Bruce Western, “Incarceration in Fragile Families”, The Future of Children 20, no. 2 (2010), 167.
See, for example, Donald Braman, Doing Time on the Outside: Incarceration and Family Life in Urban America (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 3.
David Garland, “Introduction: The Meaning of Mass Imprisonment”, in Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences, ed. David Garland (London: Sage, 2001a), 2.
Nils Christie, Crime Control as Industry: Towards Gulags, Western Style (New York: Routledge 2001), 97.
Robert Johnson, “Brave New Prisons: The Growing Social Isolation of Modern Penal Institutions”, in The Effects of Imprisonment, ed. A. Liebling and S. Maruna (Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing, 2005), 255.
C. Larsen et al. Forbryderen og samfundet: Livsvilkår og uformel straf [The Criminal and Society: Conditions of Life and Informal Punishment] (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2008).
See Smith and Jakobsen (2010), and Helen Codd, In the Shadow of Prison: Families, Imprisonment and Criminal Justice (Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing, 2008), 47. See also Chapter 13 in this book.
Candace Kruttschnitt, “Is the Devil in the Details? Crafting Policy to Mitigate the Collateral Consequences of Parental Incarceration”, Criminology & Public Policy 10, no. 3 (2011), 831.Hagan and Dinovitzer operate with three very similar categories: strain (economic hardship), socialization (loss of parental support etc.) and stigmatization.See Hagan, J. and Dinovitzer, R., “Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities, and Prisoners”, in Tonry, M.H. (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (123).
See Linda Kjær Minke, Fængslets indre liv, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Copenhagen, 2010.
Susanne Clausen, Klientundersøgelsen 2011, Direktoratet for Kriminalforsorgen (2013, 74 and 123).
Gwyneth Boswell and Peter Wedge, Imprisoned Fathers and Their Children (London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2007), 52. Boswell and Wedge’s survey builds on interviews of 25 children of prisoners from age 3–19 (the two 19-year-olds were both under 18 when their fathers were imprisoned). Additionally, it includes interviews of 181 imprisoned fathers and 127 adult relatives (often the children’s mothers).
Jeremy Travis and Michelle Waul, Prisoners Once Removed: The Impact of Incarceration and Re-entry on Children, Families, and Communities (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2003), 8.
See also Liz Ayre, Kate Philbrick and Marielle Reiss (eds), Children of Imprisoned Parents: European Perspectives on Good Practice (Montrouge: Eurochips, 2006), 10.
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© 2014 Peter Scharff Smith
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Smith, P.S. (2014). Prison and Society. In: When the Innocent are Punished. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137414298_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137414298_3
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