Abstract
Writing from the Hotel Crillon in April 1919, the Columbia geographer Douglas Johnson had a moment to take stock of the great changes experienced by the academic profession in the preceding years. ‘There is a humorous, or perhaps you will prefer to say tragic, side to the whole matter’, he remarked, ‘when you think of American college professors, near-diplomats, sitting about the table with … veterans of the diplomatic service and Foreign Office.’ Johnson was in Paris as part of the American delegation to the Peace Conference, one of many experts who had been assembled to conceptualize the terms of the peace and apply their specialist training to the concomitant problems. He added that ‘the future Europe will be very different in many vital respects from what it would have been but for the American “academic intervention.”’1
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World: Global Connections and Comparisons 1780–1914 (Oxford, 2004), pp. 475–476;
Mark Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (London, 2012), pp. 64–93.
Sandi Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 60–82.
Geoffrey Best: ‘Restraints on War by Land Before 1945’, in Michael Howard ed., Restraints on War: Studies in the Limitation of Armed Conflict (Oxford, 1979), pp. 17–37.
This distinguishes it from pacifism, which held that war was wrong in any context. See Martin Ceadel, Pacifism in Britain 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith (Oxford, 1980), p. 3.
Alain Chatriot, ‘Comprendre la guerre. L’histoire économique et sociale de la guerre mondiale. Les séries de la Dotation Carnegie pour la Paix internationale’, in Jean-Jacques Becker, ed., Histoire Culturelle de la Grande Guerre (Paris, 2005), pp. 33–44;
Jules Prudhommeaux ed., Le Centre Européen de la Dotation Carnegie pour la paix international 1911–1921 (Paris, 1921), p. 29.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington D.C., 1914), p. iv.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Year Book for 1915 (Washington D.C., 1915), p. 18.
Rosenthal, Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler (New York, 2006), p. 243.
Immanuel Kant, Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History (New new ed., New Haven, 2006), pp. 67–109.
Léon Bourgeois, Pour la Société des nations (Paris, 1910), pp. 265–289.
Alfred Zimmern, ‘Introductory’, in R.W. Seton-Watson ed., The War and Democracy (London, 1914), p. 14.
Winter, Dreams of Peace and Freedom: Utopian Moments in the 20th Century (New Haven, 2006), p. 136.
Lowes Dickinson, Autobiography (London, 1973) p. 191.
Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, The European Anarchy (London, 1916), pp. 142–143.
E.M. Forster, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, and Related Writings (London, 1973, orig. 1934), pp. 137–138.
Lloyd E. Ambrosius, ‘Democracy, Peace, and World Order’, in John Milton Cooper ed., Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace (Washington D.C., 2008), p. 228.
Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007), pp. 22–24.
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, pp. 45–53; Carl Bouchard, ‘Des citoyens français à la recherche de la paix durable (1914–1919)’, Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 222 (April, 2006), p. 70.
Ferdinand Buisson, La Société des nations, les principes. Rapport présenté au congrès du Ligue des Droits de l’Homme (Paris, 1917), p. 2.
Lawrence E. Gelfand, The Inquiry: American Preparations for Peace, 1917–1919 (New Haven and London, 1963), p. 37.
Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, 2003), pp. 126–131.
Seymour, Letters from the Paris Peace Conference (New Haven, 1965), pp. xxiii–xxiv.
John Milton Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, a Biography (New York, 2009), p. 462.
Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (London, 1981), pp. 133–134.
Charles Haskins and Robert Lord, Some Problems of the Peace Conference (London, 1920), p. 15.
André Tardieu, La paix (Paris, 1921), p. 95.
Michael Heffernan, The Meaning of Europe: Geography and Geopolitics (London, 1998), p. 95.
G.W. Prothero, Preface to Peace Handbooks Issued by the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, Vol. I: Austria-Hungary, Part 1 (London, 1919), p. iii.
Cambon to his son, 27 December 1918, in Cambon, Correspondance 1870–1924 Vol. III: Les guerres Balkaniques, La Grande Guerre, L’Organisation de la Paix (Paris, 1946), p. 293.
Zara Steiner, The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005), p. 17;
Margaret MacMillan, Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to end War (London, 2001), pp. 62–65.
Sir James Headlam-Morley, A Memoir of the Paris Peace Conference 1919 (London, 1972), p. 38.
H.W.V. Temperley, A History of the Peace Conference, Volume 1 (London, 1920), p. v.
Arthur S. Link ed., The Deliberations of the Council of Four (March 24–June 28, 1919): Notes of the Official Interpreter, Paul Mantoux, Volume I (Princeton, 1992), p. ix.
E.J. Dillon, The Peace Conference (London, 1920), p. 87.
John Maynard Keynes, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Volume II: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919, new ed. London, 1971), p. 27.
Hugh and Christopher Seton-Watson, The Making of a New Europe: R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary (London, 1981), p. 335.
Hugh Seton-Watson and Christopher Seton-Watson, The Making of a New Europe: R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary (London, 1981), pp. 336–339.
Jonathan Clements, Wellington Koo: China (London, 2008), pp. 57–70; MacMillan, Peacemakers, pp. 340–346.
Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace (Oxford, 2006), p. 48.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2015 Tomás Irish
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Irish, T. (2015). Fashioning an Expert Peace. In: The University at War, 1914–25. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137409461_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137409461_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-48869-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-40946-1
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)