Abstract
The increasingly controversial image of the Caetano regime posed a challenge to the already mentioned formula of ‘separation between foreign trade (Außenwirtschaft) and foreign policy (Außenpolitik)’. In order to face this challenge, the federal government had to handle efforts to channel political agendas into the FRG’s economic policy towards the Estado Novo. This chapter assesses how Bonn engaged with forces pushing for economic continuity and discontinuity towards the Portuguese dictatorship emerging from various spheres of power.
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Notes
For an analysis of European economy in the 1960s and 1970s, see D. Aldcroft (2001) The European Economy 1914–2000 (London/New York: Routledge), pp. 188–210. For a year-by-year analysis, see Relatório do Conselho de Administração do Banco de Portugal, 1968–1974 .
H. J. Braun (1989) The German Economy in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge), pp. 170–83.
D. Sassoon (1996) One Hundred Years of Socialism: the West European Left in the Twentieth Century (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers), pp. 314–16.
31.8% in the chemical industry, 36.1% in the iron and steel industry, 36.6% in the machinery and transports industry, and 30.5% in the electronic industry. See W. Abelshauser (2004) Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte seit 1945 (Munich: CHBeck), p. 265.
H. Ménudier (1978) Willy Brandt e a Alemanha de Hoje — Entrevistas e Inquéritos 1969–1977 (Lisbon: Edições Rolim), p. 77.
D. Corkill (2004) ‘O Desenvolvimento Económico Português no Fim do Estado Novo’, in F. Rosas, P.A. Oliveira (eds) A Transição Falhada: O Marcelismo e o Fim do Estado Novo (1968–1974) (Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores), pp. 213–32;
J. S. Lopes (1996) A Economia Portuguesa desde 1960 (Lisbon: Gradiva), pp. 43–61;
J. C. Neves (1996) ‘Portuguese Post-war Growth: A Global Approach’, in N. Crafts and G. Toniolo (eds) Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 339–42.
Lopes, Economia Portuguesa, pp. 267–88; A. R. Santos (1990) ‘Abertura e Bloqueamento da Economia Portuguesa’, in A. Reis (ed.) Portugal Contemporâneo vol V (Lisbon: Alfa), pp. 109–50.
E. S. Ferreira (1975) Estruturas de dependência: as Relações Económicas de Angola e Moçambique com a RFA (Lisbon: Iniciativas Editoriais), p. 32.
A. M. Fonseca (2007) A Força das Armas: o Apoio da República Federal da Alemanha ao Estado Novo (1958–1968) (Lisbon: Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros), pp. 35–41.
In 1963, West German investments in Portugal represented 0.3% of the FRG’s total investments abroad and by 1969 this percentage had risen to 0.42% See L. S. Matos (1973) Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal (Lisbon: Seara Nova), p. 211; for a closer look at the evolution of these numbers, see also Informações (CCILA), 15.11.1969.
T. Schroers (1998) Die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: die Entwicklung der Beziehungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zur Portugiesischen Republik 1949–1976 (PhD dissertation, Hamburg: Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg), p. 86.
For a comprehensive look at the origins of Cahora Bassa, see K. Middlemas (1975) Cabora Bassa — Engineering and Politics in Southern Africa (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson), pp. 9–40.
Middlemas, Cabora Bassa, pp. 9–40; see also Silva Cunha’s later speeches in J. S. Cunha (1969) Cabora-Bassa, uma Realidade Implantada no Coração de Moçambique (Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar) and
J. S. Cunha (1970) Cabora-Bassa — Quem são os Beneficiários? (Lourenço Marques (Maputo): Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique); as well as
A. F. Nogueira (2000) O Estado Novo (Oporto: Civilização), pp. 260, 295.
For a fascinating account of this whole process, see Middlemas, Cabora Bassa, pp. 41–85, and L. Alves (1997) O Projecto de Cabora Bassa (Master’s dissertation, Porto: Universidade Portucalense Infante D. Henrique), pp. 123–66.
E. S. Ferreira (1972) Portuguese Colonialism: from South Africa to Europe (Freiburg: Aktion Dritte Welt), pp. 72–3; Middlemas, Cabora Bassa, pp. 43–5; Four of the German companies involved produced electro-mechanic equipment, while the remaining one — Hochtief — was a construction group.
M. Mahoney (2003) ‘Estado Novo, Homem Novo (New State, New Man): Colonial and Anticolonial Development Ideologies in Mozambique, 1930–1977’, in D. C. Engerman, N. Gilman, and M. H. Haefele (eds) Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global Cold War (London: University of Massachusetts Press), pp. 165–96.
CHAN/APR, 5 AG2/104, Transcript of the meeting between Pompidou and Brandt, 03.07.1970; Eduardo Mondlane’s book, which had articulated FRELIMO‘s accusation — although mentioning only 1 million settlers — had taken this point into account: ‘Considering that the total population of Portugal is about 9 million, this figure can be taken at all seriously only if moves to settle large numbers of non-Portuguese whites are assumed as well.’ See E. Mondlane (1969) The Struggle for Mozambique (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 98.
For a closer look at the ‘liberal wing’, see T. Fernandes (2001) ‘A Ala Liberal da Assembleia Nacional (1969–1973)’, Penélope, 24, pp. 35–64.
J. M. T. Castilho (1997) ‘O Marcelismo e a Construção Europeia’, Penélope, 18, pp. 77–122.
F. Rosas (2004) ‘Marcelismo: Ser ou Não Ser’, in Rosas/Oliveira, Transição Falhada, p. 22.
In an infamous parliamentary debate on 8 April 1970, Nogueira declared that a) European integration was a disintegrating myth, b) if Portugal were to integrate the Common Market, Portugal would be ‘colonised’ by Europe and then Europe would ‘colonise’ the Portuguese overseas territories, and c) that would somehow also lead to the loss of Portugal’s national independence to Spain. See N.A. Leitão (2007) Estado Novo, Democracia e Europa (Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais), p. 253.
A. Romão (1996) ‘Comércio Externo’, in J. M. B. Brito and F. Rosas (eds) Dicionário de História do Estado Novo, Vol. I (Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores), pp. 168–71; At the time, 43% of Portugal’s commerce with the EEC was with West Germany. See PAAA, B26/444, ‘Politischer Jahresbericht 1970 über Portugal’, 12.08.1970. 118.
S. Lorenzini (2009) ‘Globalising Ostpolitik’, Cold War History, 9(2), pp. 224–6.
The remaining DM 50 million were for the construction of the airports in Lisbon, Oporto, Faro, and Funchal. The credit interest was 3.25% per year, with a grace period of five years and repayment over 20 years for the Alentejo project. See A. Pais (2002) Contributos para a História da Base Aérea n.º11 e do Projecto do Aeroporto de Beja (Beja: Artur Pais), pp. 62–3.
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Lopes, R. (2014). The Economic Front: From Außenwirtschaft to Außenpolitik. In: West Germany and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1968–1974. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137402080_4
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