Abstract
It is an early November morning when we meet at the bus station in Matagalpa, a mountainous town in the highlands of Nicaragua two to three hours north-east of the capital city of Managua. I am happy to see how many of my Nicaraguan colleagues have been able to come. We have all stood at this station before, waiting for the bus that passes through the little farming town of San Ramón. The younger tourism scholars, Idania, Mónica, Danilo and Claudia, tell about their recent visits to the four tourism communities on the coffee-growing hillsides of San Ramón. They are currently writing their final thesis for their university degree, and the research assignment includes assessment and analysis of tourism development in this area. They point out that the fieldwork has been more challenging than they expected, for they have received no more than a lukewarm welcome from the locals, and even otherwise active members of the community have tried to avoid being interviewed.
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Notes
For examples of various challenges, see: Laurence Chalip and Carla A. Costa, ‘Clashing Worldviews: Sources of Disappointment in Rural Hospitality and Tourism Development’, Hospitality & Society, 2.1, 2012, pp. 25–47
Maria José Zapata, Michael C. Hall, Patricia Lindo and Mieke Vanderschaeghe, ‘Can Community-Based Tourism Contribute to Development and Poverty Alleviation? Lessons from Nicaragua’, in Jarkko Saarinen, Christian M. Rogerson and Haretsebe Manwa (eds), Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals: Tourism, Local Communities and Development, London, Routledge, 2012, pp. 98–122; Ernest Canada, ‘Perspectivas del Turismo Comunitario: Como Mantener Vivas las Comunidades Rurales’, http://blog.pucp. edu.pe/item/93900/mundo-perspectivas-del-turismo-comunitario-como-mantener-vivas-las-comunidades-rurales, website accessed on 22 October 2011.
For inspiration of doing togetherness differently see: Jennie Germann Molz and Sara Gibson (eds), Mobilizing Hospitality. The Ethics of Social Relations in a Mobile World, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007
Sara Ahmed, Strange Encounters. Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality, London, Routledge, 2000.
See for instance: David Bell, ‘Tourism and Hospitality’, in Tazim Jamal and Mike Robinson (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies, London, SAGE Publications Ltd., 2009, pp. 19–34; Germann Molz and Gibson, Mobilizing Hospitality.
Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority, translated by A. Lingis, Pittsburgh, Duquesne University Press, 1969
Jacques Derrida, Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas, translated by P. A. Brault and Michael Naas, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1999. The prelace of the book is Derrida’s ftmeral oration for Levinas on 27 December 1995, while the second part, titled ‘The Word of Welcome’ reproduces Derrida’s opening lecture at the ‘Homage to Emmanuel Levinas’ conference one year later.
Jacques Derrida, ‘The Principle of Hospitality’, Parallax, 11.1, 2005, pp. 6–9.
Ibid.; Jacques Derrida, Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas, Paris, Galilée, 1999, p. 19.
Soile Veijola and Eeva Jokinen, ‘The Body in Tourism’, Theory, Culture & Society, 11.3, 1994, pp. 125–151.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds), Marxism and Interpretation of Culture, Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp. 271–313.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999, pp. 308–309
Leerom Medovoi, Raman Shankar and Benjamin Robinson, ‘Can the Subaltern Vote?’ Socialist Review, 20.3, 1990, pp. 133–149.
See in particular Mick Smith, ‘Ethical Perspectives: Exploring the Ethical Landscape of Tourism’, in Tazim Jamal and Mike Robinson (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies, London, SAGE, 2009, pp. 623–626; Germann Molz and Gibson, Mobilizing Hospitality.
Derrida, Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas, p. 20; For a comprehensive treatment of hospitality in International Relations, see: Gideon Baker (ed.), Hospitality and World Politics, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Ibid., p. 48; For the articulation and discussion of Derrida’s treatment of the motil of subjectivity in Adieu á Emmannuel Levinas, Paris, Galilée, 1997, see François Raffoul, ‘The Subject of the Welcome. On Jacques Derrida’s Adieu á Emmanuel Levinas’, in Symposium, 2.2, 1988, p. 214.
Smith, ‘Ethical Perspectives’, pp. 613–630; for examples of exceptions, see: Cara Aitchinson, ‘Theorizing Other Discourses of Tourism, Gender and Culture. Can the Subaltern Speak in (Tourism)?’ Tourism Studies, 1.2., 2001, pp. 133–147
Jo Ankor and Stephen Wearing, ‘Gaze, Encounter and Philosophies of Otherness’, in Omar Moulakkir and Yvette Reisinger (eds), The Host Gaze in Global Tourism, Oxfordshire, CABI, 2012, pp. 179–191.
Arturo Escobar, ‘Latin America at a Crossroads’, Cultural Studies, 24.1, 2010, pp. 1–65
Eija Ranta-Owusu, ‘Governing Pluralities in the Making. Indigenous Knowledge and the Question of Sovereignty in Contemporary Bolivia’, Journal of the Tinnish Anthropological Society, 35.3, pp. 28–48, 2010; ‘Plan Nacional de Desarrollo’. Bolivia Digna, Soberana, Productiva y Democrática para Vivir Bien. Lineamientos Estratégicos 2006–2011. Repûblica de Bolivia. Ministerio de Planiflcacion del Desarrollo, La Paz-Bolivia, Septiembre, 2007, http://www.ine.gob.bo/indicadoresddhh/archivos/Plan%20Nacional%20de%20Desarrollo.pdf, website accessed on 20 January 2013
For more discussion on indigenous ontologies and epistemologies, see Rauna Kuokkanen, Reshaping the University. Responsibilities, Indigenous Epistemes, and the Logic of the Gift, Vancouver, UBC Press, 2007, pp. 59–62.
‘Plan Nacional de Desarrollo’, p. 8 quoted in Ranta-Owusu, ‘Governing pluralities’, p. 31; Tara Daly, ‘The Intersubjective Ethic of Julieta Paredes’ Poetic’, Bolivian Studies Journal, Revista de Estudios Bolivianos, 15–17, 2010, pp. 237–263
Emmanuel Levinas, Ethics and Infinity, Pittsburgh, Duquesne University Press, 1982, p. 96.
Enrique Dussel, Twenty Theses on Politics, translated by G. Ciccariello-Maher, Duke University Press, Durham, 2008
Morana, M., Dussel, E. and Jáuregui, C. A. (eds), Coloniality at Large: Latin America and the Postcolonial Debate, London, Duke University Press, 2008
John E. Drabinski, Levinas and the Postcolonial: Race, Nation, Other, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2011, pp. 3–8.
Jamaica Kincaid, A Small Place, New York, Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1988.
Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation, London and New York, Routledge, 1992.
Stephen Morton, Gayatri Spivak: Ethics, Subalternity and the Critique of the Postcolonial Reason, Cambridge, MA, Polity Press, 2007, p. 61.
Jane Hiddleston, Understanding Postcolonialism, Stocksfield, Acumen Publishing Limited, 2009
Zuzanna Ladyga, ‘Tracing Levinas in Gayatri Spivak’s Ethical Representations of Subalternity’, in Ewa B. Luczak, Justyna Wierzchowska and Joanna Ziarkowska (eds), In Other Words. Dialogizing Postcoloniality Race, and Ethnicity, Warzava, Encounters, 2012, pp. 221–230.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Outside in the Teaching Machine, New York, Routledge, 1993, pp. 166–167; Ladyga, ‘Tracing Levinas’.
Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, translated by G. C. Spivak, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976; Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’
Emmanuel Levinas, Otherwise than Being, or Beyond Essence, translated by A. Lingis, Pittsburgh, Duquesne University Press, 1998.
For examples of inviting Spivak to tourism studies, see Aitchinson, ‘Theorizing Other Discourses of Tourism’; Keith Hollinshead, ‘Playing with the Past: Heritage Tourism Under the Tyrannies of Postmodern Discourse’, in Chris Ryan (ed.), The Tourist Experience, London, Continuum, 2002, p. 190.
Teivo Teivainen, Pedagogía del poder mundial, INTO eBooks, 2004, p. 10; Moraña et al., Coloniality at Large, p. 5.
Cheryl McEwan, Postcolonialism and Development, New York, Routledge, 2009, p. 275
Dianne Dredge and Rob Hales, ‘Community Case Study Research’, in Larry Dwyer, Alison Gill and Neelu Seetaram (eds), Handbook of Research Methods in Tourism: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Cheltenham and Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012, p. 419.
Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, p. 284; For an excellent analysis about the relevance of Spivak’s work in the field of development, see: Ilan Kapoor, ‘Hyper Sell-Reflexive Development? Spivak on Representing the Third World “Other”’, Third World Quarterly, 25.4, 2004, p. 628.
Ibid., pp. 632–633; Jenny Sharpe and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘A Conversation with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: Politics and the Imagination’, Signs, 28.2, 2003, pp. 619–620; Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ p. 275.
Olli Pyyhtinen, ‘Being-with: Georg Simmel’s Sociology of Association’, Theory, Culture & Society, 26.108, 2009, p. 121.
Emily Höckert, ‘Community-Based Tourism in Nicaragua: A Socio-Cultural Perspective’, The Tinnish Journal of Tourism Research, 7.2, 2011, pp. 14–15.
Canada, ‘Perspectivas del’; Fransisco J. Pérez, Oscar D. Barrera, Ana V. Peláez and Gema Lorío, Turismo Rural Comunitario como Alternativa de reducción de la pobreza rural en Centroamérica, Managua, EDITASA, 2010, pp. 56–58; Höckert ‘Community-Based Tourism’; Zapata et al. ‘Can Community-Based Tourism’.
See Bella Dicks, Culture on Display: The Production of Contemporary Visitability, Maidenhead, McGraw Hill, 2004.
See for example: Maria Eriksson Baaz, The Paternalism of Partnership. A Postcolonial Reading of Identity in Development Aid, London, Zed Books Ltd., 2005; and Chalip and Costa, ‘Clashing Worldviews’.
Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, London, The Macmillan, 1976, pp. 94–95.
Erika Andersson Cederholm and Johan Hultman, ‘Bed, Breakfast and Friendship: Intimacy and Distance in Small-Scale Hospitality Businesses’, Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research, 2, 2010, pp. 365–380.
For excellent discussions on micro and macro levels of inequalities, see in particular: Kuokkanen, Reshaping the University, pp. 109–112; Wanda Vrasti, Volunteer Tourism in the Global South: Giving Back in Neoliberal Times, London and New York, Routledge, 2013.
Ibid, p. 639; Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ p. 308; for another example Irom Nicaragua, see Anja Nygren, ‘Local Knoledge in the Environment-Development Discourse: From Dichotomies to Situated Knowledges’, Critique of Antropology, 19.3, 1999, pp. 267–288.
Ladyga, ‘Tracing Levinas’; Gayatri Spivak, ‘Translator’s Preface and Afterword’, in Mahasweta Devi, Imaginary Maps: Three Stories, London: Routledge, 1995, p. xxiv.
Eriksson Baaz, The Paternalism of Partnership, pp. 39–42; Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2012; Teivainen, Pedagogía delpoder mundial, pp. 6–8.
Anna Strhan, Levinas, Subjectivity, Education. Towards an Ethics of Radical Responsibility, West Sussex, Wiley Blackwell, 2012; Levinas, Totality and Infinity, p. 180.
Paolo Freire, Pedagogy of Treedom: Ethics, Democracy and Civic Courage, Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield, 1998; Sharpe and Spivak, ‘A Conversation with’, p. 620; Teivainen, Pedagogia del poder mundial; Dredge and Hales, ‘Community Case Study Research’.
Quoted in Richard Kearney and Mark Dooley (eds), Questioning Ethics, London and New York, Routledge, 1999, p. 70.
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© 2014 Soile Veijola, Jennie Germann Molz, Olli Pyyhtinen, Emily Höckert and Alexander Grit
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Höckert, E. (2014). Unlearning through Hospitality. In: Disruptive Tourism and its Untidy Guests. Leisure Studies in a Global Era. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137399502_5
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