Abstract
Camping confounds the imaginaries of indulgence and comfort that glisten from the pages of travel and lifestyle magazines. The glossy layouts, filled with pictures of all-inclusive beach resorts and cruise ships, promise to fill the hollowness of modern lifestyles with an overabundance of just about everything. Instead of pampered luxury, however, camping embraces discomfort and lack — not so much as pleasures in and of themselves but as reminders that less is often more. This chapter is about those empty intervals in space and time that trigger our creative impulses by making room for us to move in different directions, to create unexpected connections, or to arrange our social worlds in new ways. I look to camping, as a practice and as a metaphor for life in an uncertain world, to explore concepts we rarely associate with tourism — concepts such as emptiness or unfinishedness. To do this, I first draw on the ontologies of Martin Heidegger’s ‘clearing’ and Plato’s chora, reading them through the critical lenses offered by feminist theorists Elizabeth Grosz and Betsy Wearing, before turning to Paulo Freire’s notions of ‘unfinishedness’ to reflect further on alternative ontologies for tourism.
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Notes
Steven Shaviro, Without Criteria: Kant, Whitehead, Deleuze, and Aesthetics, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2009, p. 146. I am grateful to Olly Pyyhtinen for pointing me toward this theoretical approach.
Charlie Hailey, Camps: A Guide to 21st-century Space, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2009, p. 3. RV culture refers to the mobile camping culture associated with recreational vehicles, or caravans. This mode of camping is particularly common in the continental United States, Australia and parts of Europe.
For additional examples, see Fabian Frenzel, ‘Exit the System: Crafting the Place of Protest Camps Between Antagonism and Exception’, Working Paper, University of the West of England, 2011, pp. 1–36; Tim Cresswell, In Place Out of Place: Geography, Ideology, and Transgression, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1996
Orvar Löfgren, On Holiday: A History of Vacationing, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1999.
Charlie Hailey, Campsite: Architectures of Duration and Place, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 2008.
Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, translated by D. Heller-Roazen, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1998.
Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities, London, Routledge, 1996.
Martin Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought, translated by A. Hofstadter, New York, HarperCollins, 1971/2001, p. 51.
Michael E. Zimmerman, ‘Heidegger, Buddhism and Deep Ecology’, in Charles B. Guignon (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 241.
Adam Sharr, Heidegger for Architects, London and New York, Routledge, 2007, p. 11.
Nuccio Mazzullo and Tim Ingold, ‘Being Along: Place, Time and Movement Among Sámi People’, in Juergen Ole Baerenholdt and Brynhild Granås (eds), Mobility and Place: Enacting Northern European Peripheries, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2008, pp. 27–38.
Elizabeth Grosz, ‘Women, Chora, Dwelling’, in E. Grosz (ed.), Space, Time and Perversion, London and New York, Routledge, 1995
see Inger Birkeland, Making Place, Making Self: Travel, Subjectivity and Sexual Difference, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2005, p. 115.
Tom Boellstorll, ‘Placing the Virtual Body: Avatar, Chora, Cypherg’, in Frances E. Mascia-Lees (ed.), A Companion to the Anthropology of the Body and Embodiment, Maiden, Blackwell, 2011, pp. 504–520.
Betsy Wearing, Leisure and Peminist Theory, London, Sage, 1998, p. 133.
For more on hospitality as conviviality, see Jennie Germann Molz, Travel Connections: Tourism, Technology and Togetherness in a Mobile World, London and New York, Routledge, 2012, Chapter 5.
Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, Boston, Beacon Press, 1958/1994, p. 7.
Lars Lerup, Building the Unfinished: Architecture and Human Action, London, Sage, 1977.
Lerup, cited in Jeremy Till, Architecture Depends, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2009, p. 107.
Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, New York, Continuum, 1970/2000, p. 84.
Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of Freedom: Ethics, Democracy, and Civic Courage, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998, p. 79.
Rosalyn Diprose, ‘Building and Belonging Amid the Plight of Dwelling’, Angelaki: Journal of Theoretical Humanities, 16.4, 2011, pp. 59–72.
Claudio Minca, ‘The Island: Work, Tourism and the Biopolitical’, Tourist Studies, 9.2, 2010, pp. 88–108
Bülent Diken and Carsten Bagge Laustsen, The Culture of Exception: Sociology Facing the Camp, London and New York, Routledge, 2005; and see Frenzel, ‘Exit the System’, p. 2.
On favela tourism in South America and slum tourism in South Asia, respectively, see Bianca Freire-Medeiros, ‘The Favela and its Touristic Transits’, Geoforum, 40.4, 2009, pp. 580–588
Anya Diekmann and Kevin Hannam, ‘Touristic Mobilities in India’s Slum Space’, Annals of Tourism Research, 39.3, 2012, pp. 1315–1336; as well as the 2012 special issue on slum tourism in Tourism Geographies, 14.2, edited by Fabian Frenzel and Ko Koens. For an example of shanty towns offered as all-inclusive tourist retreats, see http://www.emoya.co.za/p23/accommodation/shanty-town-for-a-unique-accommodation-experience-in-bloemfontein.html, website accessed on 30 December 2013.
On hotels repurposed to house asylum seekers, see Sarah Gibson, ‘Accommodating Strangers: British Hospitality and the Asylum Hotel Debate’, Journal for Cultural Research, 7.4, 2003, pp. 367–386. Examples of prisons repurposed as hotels include the Arlamow Hotel, where Lech Walesa, leader of Poland’s Solidarity movement, was detained in the 1980s. And the Huffington Post reports on five prisons that have been transformed into luxury hotels: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/justluxe/5-prisons-turned-into-luxury_b_2885226.html, website accessed on 15 December 2013.
Agamben, Homo Sacer, p. 99; and see Ramona Lenz, ‘“Hotel Royal” and Other Spaces of Hospitality: Tourists and Migrants in the Mediterranean’, in Julie Scott and Tom Selwyn (eds), Thinking Through Tourism, Oxford, Berg, 2010, pp. 209–230.
Sergei Pozorov, ‘Why Giorgio Agamben is an Optimist’, Philosophy Social Criticism, 36, 2010, pp. 1053–1073.
Giorgio Agamben, The Coming Community, translated by M. Hardt, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1990/2007, p. 57.
And see Jessica Whyte, ‘“A New Use of the Self”: Giorgio Agamben on the Coming Community’, Theory and Event, 13.1, 2010, pp. 1–19.
See James J. Gibson, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1979
Eeva Jokinen and Soile Veijola, ‘Mountains and Landscapes: Towards Embodied Visualities’, in David Crouch and Nina Lübbren (eds), Visual Culture and Tourism, Oxford, Berg, 2003, pp. 259–279.
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© 2014 Soile Veijola, Jennie Germann Molz, Olli Pyyhtinen, Emily Höckert and Alexander Grit
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Molz, J.G. (2014). Camping in Clearing. In: Disruptive Tourism and its Untidy Guests. Leisure Studies in a Global Era. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137399502_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137399502_2
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