Abstract
Middle powers have suddenly become fashionable again. The economic and strategic problems currently being experienced by the United States (US) and China’s still limited ability to shape the international system, suggest that there are currently opportunities for non-great powers to influence international affairs.1 Indeed, there is a growing literature that focuses on the role that might be played by those states that are neither superpowers nor failing, but which are seeking to play a more prominent role in the international system. Australia has been at the forefront of this process, but its most immediate neighbor and the principal focus of the following discussion—Indonesia—is also increasingly described as a significant regional middle power. Just as important, Indonesia has been experimenting with some aspects of middle power diplomacy, even if it does not always use this term widely. It is an opportune moment, therefore, to revisit middle power theory, explain its recent resurgence and see whether Indonesia actually measures up.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Acharya, Amitav (2009) Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order, 2nd edition (Oxon and New York: Routledge).
Acharya, Amitav (2012) The Making of Southeast Asia: International Relations of a Region, 2nd edition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
Alford, Peter and Nicholson, Brendan (2013) ‘Furious Jakarta to haul in Australian ambassador over spying claims’, Australian, 1 November.
Beeson, Mark (2003) ‘Australia’s relationship with the United States: The case for greater independence’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 38: 3, 387–405.
—. (2006) ‘American hegemony and regionalism: The rise of East Asia and the end of the Asia-Pacific’, Geopolitics, 11: 4, 541–60.
—. (2011) ‘Can Australia save the world? The limits and possibilities of middle power diplomacy’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 65: 5, 563–77.
—. (2013) ‘Can China lead?’ Third World Quarterly, 34: 2, 235–52.
Beeson, Mark and Bell, Stephen (2009) ‘The G-20 and international economic governance: Hegemony, collectivism, or both?’, Global Governance, 15: 1, 67–86.
Beeson, Mark and Higgott, Richard (2014) ‘The changing architecture of politics in the Asia-Pacific: Australia’s middle power moment?’, International Relations of the Asia Pacific, 14: 2, 215–37.
Boyle, Michael (2002) Policy-making and Pragmatism: Australia’s Management of Security Cooperation with Indonesia During the New Order Period, PhD thesis, University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy.
Brooks, Karen (2011) ‘Is Indonesia bound for the BRICS? How stalling reform could hold Jakarta back’, Foreign Affairs, 90: 6, 109–18.
Burke, Anthony (2010) ‘Questions of community: Australian identity and Asian change’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 45: 1, 75–93.
Carr, Andrew (2014) ‘Is Australia a middle power? A systematic impact approach’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68: 1, 70–84.
Chapman, Terrence (2009) ‘Audience beliefs and international organization legitimacy’, International Organization, 63: 4, 733–64.
Chauvel, R. (2006) ‘Australia and Indonesia: Living in different strategic worlds’, in Derek McDougall and Peter Shearman (eds) Australian Security After 9/11: New and Old Agendas, 143–60 (Hampshire: Ashgate).
Cooper, Andrew, Higgott, Richard and Nossal, Kim (1993) Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order (Carlton: Melbourne University Press).
Dalrymple, Rawdon (2003) Continental Drift: Australia’s Search for a Regional Identity (Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate).
Darmosumarto, Santo (2009) ‘Indonesia: A new “middle power”’, Jakarta Post, 30 October, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/10/30/indonesia-a-new-middle-power039.html (accessed 1 December 2013).
David, C. E. (2009) ‘On the possibility of “international community”’, International Studies Review, 11(1): 1–26.
Dorling, Philip (2013) ‘Australian outback station at forefront of US spying arsenal’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 July.
Dosch, Jörn (2008) ‘ASEAN’s reluctant liberal turn and the thorny road to democracy promotion’, Pacific Review, 21: 4, 527–45.
Ellis, David (2009) ‘On the possibility of “international community”’, International Studies Review, 11: 1, 1–26.
Evans, Gareth and Grant, Bruce (1991) Australia’s Foreign Relations in the World of the 1990s (Carlton: Melbourne University Press).
Frost, Frank (2009) ‘Australia’s proposal for an “Asia Pacific Community”: Issues and prospects’, Parliamentary Library Research Paper, No. 13, http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2009–10/10rp13.pdf (accessed 1 December 2013).
Hall, Rodney (1997) ‘Moral authority as a power resource’, International Organization, 51: 4, 591–622.
He, Kai (2008) ‘Indonesia’s foreign policy after Soeharto: International pressure, democratization, and policy change’, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 8: 1, 47–72.
Hermawan, Y. et al. (2011) The Role of Indonesia in the G-20: Background, Role and Objectives of Indonesia’s Membership, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Available at: <www.G-20.utoronto.ca/biblio/role-of-indonesia-2011.pdf> (Accessed on 15 December 2012).
Higgott, Richard, Cooper, Andrew (1990) ‘Middle power leadership and coalition building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round’, International Organization, 44: 4, 589–632.
Higgott, Richard and Nossal, Kim (2008) ‘Odd man in, odd man out: Australia’s liminal position in Asia revisited-a reply to Ann Capling’, Pacific Review, 21: 5, 623–34.
Jones, David and Smith, Mike (2001) ‘The changing security agenda in Southeast Asia: Globalization, new terror, and the delusions of regionalism’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 24: 4, 271–88.
Jones, Lee (2009) ‘Democratisation and foreign policy in Southeast Asia: The case of the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 22: 3, 387–406.
Keating, Paul (2012) Asia in the New Order: Australia’s Diminishing Sphere of Influence, The Keith Murdoch Oration, State Library of Victoria, 14 November.
Kim, Woosang (2008) ‘Korea as a middle power in the Northeast Asian security environment’, in G. John Ikenberry and Chung-in Moon (eds) The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order, 123–41 (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield).
Laksmana, Evan (2011) ‘Indonesia’s rising regional and global profile: Does size really matter?’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, 33: 2, 157–82.
Layne, Christopher (2012) ‘This time it’s real: The end of unipolarity and the Pax Americana’, International Studies Quarterly, 56: 1, 203–13.
Lebow, Richard (1994) ‘The long peace, the end of the Cold War, and the failure of realism’, International Organization, 48: 2, 249–77.
Luttwak, Edward (1990) ‘From geopolitics to geo-economics’, The National Interest, Summer, 17–23.
Luttwak, Edward (2012) The Rise of China vs. the Logic of Strategy (Cambridge: The Belknap Press).
McDonald, Stephen and Brown, Helen (2011) ‘China, Indonesia wary of US troops in Darwin’, ABC News, 17 November, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011–11-17/china-indonesia-wary-of-us-troops-in-darwin/3675866 (accessed 15 December 2012).
Nabbs-Keller, Greta (2013) ‘Reforming Indonesia’s foreign ministry: Ideas, organization and leadership’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, 35: 1, 56–82.
Narine, Shaun (2002) Explaining ASEAN: Regionalism in Southeast Asia (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner).
Novotny, Daniel (2010) Torn between America and China: Elite Perceptions and Indonesian Foreign Policy (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies).
Rüland, Jürgen (2009) ‘Deepening ASEAN cooperation through democratization? The Indonesian legislature and foreign policymaking’, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 9: 3, 373–402.
Russett, Bruce (1995) Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Sainsbury, Michael (2012) ‘Chinese grilling has Stephen Smith on defensive over US ties’, Australian, 7 June.
Schirm, Stefan (2013) ‘Global politics are domestic politics: A societal approach to divergence in the G-20’, Review of International Studies, 39: 3, 685–706.
Sheridan, Greg (2013a) ‘Abbott in Indonesia: The adventure begins’, Australian, 3 October.
—. (2013b) ‘Unstinting support for Israel back in place’, Australian, 26 September.
Soederberg, Susanne (2010) ‘The politics of representation and financial fetishism: The case of the G-20 summits’, Third World Quarterly, 31: 4, 523–40.
Storey, Ian (2012) ‘ASEAN is a house divided’, Wall Street Journal, 14 June.
Sukma, Rizal (2009) ‘Indonesia needs a post-ASEAN foreign policy’, Jakarta Post, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/06/30/indonesia-needs-a-postasean-foreign-policy.html (accessed 1 December 2013).
Sulistiyanto, Priyambudi (2010) ‘Indonesia-Australia relations in the era of democracy: The view from the Indonesian side’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 45: 1, 117–32.
Suryadinata, Leo (1996) Indonesia’s Foreign Policy under Suharto: Aspiring to International Leadership (Singapore: Times Academic Press).
Ungerer, Carl (2007) ‘The “middle power” concept in Australian foreign policy’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 53: 4, 538–51.
Vaswani, Karishma (2013) ‘Should Indonesia be the I in the BRICS?’, BBC News, 27 March, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21921593 (accessed 1 December 2013).
Wade, Robert (2011) ‘Emerging world order? From multipolarity to multilateralism in the G-20, the World Bank, and the IMF’, Politics & Society, 39: 3, 347–78.
Weldes, Jutta (1996) ‘Constructing national interests’, European Journal of International Relations, 2: 3, 275–318.
Wesley, Michael (2007) The Howard Paradox: Australian Diplomacy in Asia 1996–2006 (Sydney: ABC Books).
White, Hugh (2006) ‘The new Australia-Indonesia strategic relationship: A note of caution’, in John Monfries (ed.) Different Societies, Shared Futures: Australia, Indonesia and the Region, 41–53 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies).
White, Hugh (2013) ‘What Indonesia’s rise means for Australia’, Monthly, 90, June.
Xun, Cao (2012) ‘Global networks and domestic policy convergence: A network explanation of policy changes’, World Politics, 64: 3, 375–425.
Yuzawa, Takeshi (2012) ‘The ASEAN Regional Forum: Challenges and prospects’, in Beeson, M. and Stubbs, R. (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism, 338–49 (London: Routledge).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2015 Mark Beeson and Will Lee
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Beeson, M., Lee, W. (2015). The Middle Power Moment: A New Basis for Cooperation between Indonesia and Australia?. In: Roberts, C.B., Habir, A.D., Sebastian, L.C. (eds) Indonesia’s Ascent. Critical Studies of the Asia Pacific Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137397416_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137397416_11
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-48494-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-39741-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Intern. Relations & Development CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)