Abstract
During debate on the National Insurance Bill in the House of Commons on May 4, 1911, Colonel Claude Lowther commended the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George for introducing “a Bill which is clever, human, sound, and statesmanlike.” A Conservative and staunch opponent of socialism, Lowther envisioned unemployment insurance as “free[ing] the individual from the trammels and meshes of poverty. It would inspire him with hope rather than fill him with despair, and help him instead of being a useless of member of society to become a wealth producer.”1 National insurance would be in the interests of national efficiency, whereas the Poor Law was “chaotic” and served to “breed pauperism.”2 The Poor Law stripped honest men of their self-respect, but unemployment insurance would help the poor regain their manhood:
No man in this country is allowed to starve. The State acknowledges itself morally bound to give not only food but lodging and shelter to those who cannot find them for themselves…. But instead of attempting to rehabilitate the individual, instead of helping him to re-find his lost manhood and lost dignity, the State brands him with a stigma of disgrace which often causes the honest working man, out of work through no fault of his own, to sink deeper and deeper into the morass of pauperism and despair.
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Notes
Michael Hanagan, “Citizenship, Claim-Making, and the Right to Work: Britain, 1884–1911,” Theory and Society 26, no. 4 (1997): 450.
For overviews of the development of unemployment insurance, see, for example, Bentley B. Gilbert, The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain: The Origins of the Welfare State (London: Michael Joseph, 1966);
José Harris, Unemployment and Politics: A Study in English Social Policy, 1886–1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972);
and Roy Hay, The Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, 1906–1914 (London: Macmillan, 1975).
Alan Deacon, In Search of the Scrounger: The Administration of Unemployment Insurance in Britain, 1920–1931 (London: Bell [for the Social Administration Research Trust], 1976), 11.
John Burnett, Idle Hands: The Experience of Unemployment, 1790–1990 (New York: Routledge, 1994), 196.
Lynn Hollen Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700–1948 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 327.
W.R. Garside, British Unemployment, 1919–1939: A Study in Public Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 37–8, and Ministry of Labour, Unemployment Insurance, 4.
Deacon, In Search of the Scrounger, 36, and Desmond S. King, Actively Seeking Work? The Politics of Unemployment and Welfare Policy in the United States and Great Britain (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 79n63.
See also Garside, British Unemployment, 39, and Lydia Morris, Dangerous Classes: The Underclass and Social Citizenship (New York: Routledge, 1994), 39.
Matt Perry, Bread and Work: The Experience of Unemployment 1918–39 (London: Pluto Press, 2000), 43.
Deacon, In Search of the Scrounger, 10; National Industrial Conference Board, Unemployment Insurance in Theory and Practice (New York: The Century Co., 1922), 42–4.
See, for example, Deacon, In Search of the Scrounger; and Keith Laybourn, Unemployment and Employment Policies Concerning Women in Britain, 1900–1951 (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002).
On women’s work and respectability, see Selina Todd, “‘You’d the Feeling You Wanted to Help’: Young Women, Employment and the Family in Inter-War England,” in Women and Work Culture: Britain, c. 1850–1950, ed. Krista Cowman and Louise A. Jackson (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005), 133–4.
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© 2015 Marjorie Levine-Clark
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Levine-Clark, M. (2015). “A reward for good citizenship”: National Unemployment Benefits and the Genuine Search for Work. In: Unemployment, Welfare, and Masculine Citizenship. Genders and Sexualities in History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137393227_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137393227_4
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