Abstract
The work of a generation of critical thinkers and actors provides us with an amazing body of material for doing different types of intellectual work or thinking through future possibilities in a post-cold war/post-containment context. While a new body of work on the radical intellectual tradition1 is emerging, there always remains an unanswered question of what generated the range of radical intellectual activists from the Caribbean—the number far exceeding, proportionately, the relative small size of the Caribbean. Édouard Glissant,2 creating an intersection between a certain postmodernism with a Caribbean discourse of creolization, suggests that one experiences a range of challenges and their resonances in small countries before they move to larger ones—from the archipelagoes to the continents.3 For C. L. R. James, it is the construction of visible “fault lines” in Caribbean societies themselves that created certain conditions and therefore a consciousness of resistance.
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Notes
See Cedric Robinson’s Black Marxism. The Making of a Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
Dayo Gore in Radicalism at the Crossroads: African American Women Activists in the Cold War (New York: New York University Press, 2010), p. 3.
Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels with an introduction by Robin D.G. Kelley, The Communist Manifesto: 150th Anniversary Edition, (Chicago: Kerr Press, 1998), pp. v–vi.
Brian Meeks, Narratives of Resistance (Kingston: UWI Press, 2000), p. 156.
See George Padmore. Pan-African Revolutionary. Eds Fitzroy Baptiste and Rupert Lewis. Caribbean Reasonings Series (Kingston: Ian Randle, 2006).
Sylvia Wynter in “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom; Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—an Argument,” New Centennial Review 3:3 (Fall: 2003), 131–149.
Chandra Mohanty and Margaret Wetherell eds., Sage Handbook of Identities (London: Sage, 2009).
Stokely Carmichael, with Michael Thelwell eds., Ready for Revolution. The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (New York: Scribner, 2003), p. 14.
Dionne Brand. A Map to the Door of No Return (Toronto: Vintage, 2001). Published in Afro Modern: Journeys Through the Black Atlantic ed. Tanya Barson and Peter Gorschlüter (Liverpool, London: Tate, 2010), pp. 58–63.
See Jared Ball and Todd Steven Burroughs, A Lie of Reinvention: Correcting Manning Marable’s Malcolm X (Baltimore: Black Classics Press, 2012).
Manning Marable, Malcolm X, A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking, 2011). See also
Jan Carew, Ghosts in Our Blood. With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1994).
Edouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation, trans. Betsy Wing (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997), pp. 96–97, 105, 192.
George Padmore, Pan-Africanism or Communism. Foreword by Richard Wright. Introduction by Azinna Nwafor (New York: Doubleday and Company, 1971).
Boyce Davies and Jardine, “Migrations, Diasporas, Nations: The Re-making of Caribbean Identities,” in Mohanty and Wetherell (2009).
George Padmore, Appendix I, “A Guide to Pan-African Socialism.” Eds Willliam H. Friedland and Carl G. Rosberg, Jr., African Socialism (Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 1965), 223–237.
This discussion is developed in his Chapter 2 “Cyril Briggs, the African Blood Brotherhood, and Radical Pan-Africanism” of Minkah Makalani, In the Cause of Freedom. Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London 1917–1939 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2011), pp. 45–69.
Carole Boyce Davies and Babacar M’bow, “Towards African Diaspora Citizenship. Politicizing and Existing Global Geography,” in Black Geographies and the Politics of Place, eds Katherine McKittrick and Clyde Woods (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007), pp. 14–45.
Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: William Morrow, 1967), pp. 115–146.
Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia; Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth Century America (New York: Verso, 1998), pp. 262–291.
Writing on Hubert Harrison, Perry indicates that the “The New Negro Manhood Movement,” better known as the “New Negro Movement” was meant to be a race conscious, internationalist, mass-based movement for “political equality, social justice, civic opportunity, and economic power” geared toward “the negro common people” and urging defense of self, family and “race” in the face of lynching and white supremacy. Jeffrey Perry, Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883–1918 (vol. 1) (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), p. 243.
Carole Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx. The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007).
Tony Martin, Race First. The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Dover, Mass: The Majority Press, 1986).
Joyce Moore Turner, Caribbean Crusaders and the Harlem Renaissance (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005).
Stuart Hall, “Life and Times of the First New Left,” New Left Review 61 (January–February, 2010), 177–196.
Kuan Hsing Chen and David Morley, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. (Abingdon: Routledge, 1996), p. 485.
Brian Meeks, ed. Culture, Politics, Race and Diaspora: The Thought of Stuart Hall. Caribbean Reasonings series. (Kingston: Ian Randle, 2007).
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Alderson Story: my life as a political prisoner (New York: International, 1963), p. 140.
See Mini Seijo Bruno The Revolution of 1950. (Rio-Pedras, PR: Editorial Edil, 1989) Section on “The Participants.”
Claudia Jones, “The Thinking Process … Defies Jailing,” in Caribbean Women. An Anthology of Non-Fiction Writing, 1890–1980 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005), pp. 234–236.
Joan Scott, “Gender: A useful Category of Analysis” The American Historical Review 91:5 (December, 1986): 1053–1075.
Jeffrey B. Perry, Hubert Harrison. The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883–1918 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009).
See also Lashawn Harris, “Running with the Reds: African American Women and the Communist Party during the Great Depression,” The Journal of African American History 94:19 (Winter, 2009): 21–43.
Tony Martin, Amy Ashwood Garvey. Pan-Africanist, Feminist, and Mrs. Garvey No. 1, or a Tale of Two Amies (Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 2007), p. 272.
Dayo Gore, “From Communist Politics to Black Power: The Visionary Politics and Transnational Solidarities of Victoria Vicky Ama Garvin,” in Want to Start a Revolution. Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle , eds. Jeanne Theoharis and Komozi Woodard (New York: NYU Press, 2009).
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© 2015 Robin D. G. Kelley and Stephen Tuck
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Davies, C.B. (2015). Caribbean Left: Diasporic Circulation. In: The Other Special Relationship. Contemporary Black History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137392701_3
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