Skip to main content
  • 312 Accesses

Abstract

The second North Korean nuclear crisis cannot be separated from the first crisis, not only because of the conflict between North Korea’s pursuit of nuclear capability and an international demand for preventing such capability from surfacing again, but also because similar patterns from the past had re-appeared. First, the nuclear negotiations consumed an enormous amount of time before reaching a tangible outcome. Second, North Korea was committed to bilateral negotiation with the US, although it dropped its demand for one-on-one negotiations with the US.1 Third, a negative image of North Korea conditioned not only the other parties’ understanding of North Korea’s attitude, but also the preferred options. Fourth, North Korea led the multilateral negotiation in its favor by eliminating uncomfortable issues from the agenda while including other issues that concerned North Korea, and it succeeded in urging other parties to accept a “package solution” in which both sides defined actions to be undertaken simultaneously. Lastly, the hard-earned agreement became nullified at the implementation phases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Dae Sook Suh, Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader, 2nd edn (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 115.

    Google Scholar 

  2. CIA, “Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions,” January 7, 2003, accessed March 17, 2011, http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/bian_apr_2003.htm; US Department suspected that North Korea violated GAF as it has pursued a secret HEU program. Larry A. Niksch, “North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program,” Congressional Research Service, March 17, 2003; US Department of States, Press Statement, “North Korean Nuclear Program,” October 16, 2002; DoD New Briefing, Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers, accessed October 19, 2010, http://www.defense.gov/news/Oct2002/; President Discusses Foreign Policy Matters with NATO Secretary, accessed October 19, 2010, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021021–8.html.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Patrick DeRochie, “The Driving Factor: Songun’s Impact on North Korean Foreign Policy,” International Affairs Review 20, no. 2 (2011); Ken E. Gause, North Korean Civil-Military Trends: Military-First Politics to a Point (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Myong Hyun Yoon, Our Socialism Q & A (Pyongyang: Pyongyang Press, 2004), 212–14.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chol U Kim, Sungun Politics of Kim Il Sung (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 2002), 11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Seong Il Hong, “Arming All the Members of the Society with Songun Ideology Is the Priority for Establishing Songun Leadership,” Policy and Legal Study 3 (2009): 21;

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chung Sung Jeong, “Establishing Social Spirit to Give Importance to the Military Is a Guarantee of National Defense,” Policy and Legal Study 2 (2009): 15.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Larry A. Niksch, “North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program,” Congressional Research Service, March 17, 2003; Joseph Bermudez, The Armed Forces of North Korea (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2001): 219–20.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hyun Joon Cheon, Kun Shik Kim, and Yong Min Ahn, “Repercussion of the North Korean Nuclear Crisis, Battle for Establishing New Order in the North East Asia,” Minjok 21, no. 23 (2003): 36–43.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sung Chul Kim et. al., North Korea in Crisis: An Assessment of Regime Stability (Seoul: Korea Institute of National Unification, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hoon Noh, “Cooperative Self-Reliant Defense and Military Reform,” JCS 25 (July 2005); The Presidential Commission on Policy Planning, Defense Reform 2020, Policy Report 2–46, February 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jina Kim, “An Endless Game: North Korea’s Psychological Warfare,” Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 16, no. 2 (2005): 153–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. “South Korean Military Budget Increase for War against the North,” KCNA, November 22, 1998; “South Korea Attempts to Augment Military Capability,” Rodong Shinmun, May 12, 2001; National Security Council, Peace, Prosperity and National Security (Seoul: National Security Council, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Haesook Chae and Steven Kim, “Conservatives and Progressives in South Korea,” The Washington Quarterly 31, no. 4 (Autumn, 2008): 77–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Robert King, “Implementation of the North Korean Human Rights Act,” Statement before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, June 2, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  16. “Baek Nam Sun Foreign Affairs Minister Speech to the 54th UN Assembly,” KCNA, September 27, 1999; Baek Nam Sun, “We Cannot Imagine Human Rights without the Right of National Autonomy” (speech by a North Korean delegate at the UN Human Rights Commission, April 6, 2000); “North Korean Delegate Speech at the 56th UN Assembly,” KCNA, October 2, 2001; “North Korean Delegate Opposed Selectiveness and Dual Standard at the Human Rights Commission,” KCNA, August 5, 2002; “Preservation and Respect to National Autonomy Is a Guarantee of Human Rights Protection and Improvement,” KCNA, November 15, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  17. William Blum, Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower, 3rd edn (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Funabashi Yoichi, The Peninsula Question: The Second Korean Nuclear Crisis (Tokyo: Asahi Shimbunsha, 2006), 238.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Donald G. Gross, “Weapons of Mass Destruction and North Korea” (paper presented at the Conferences on Science and World Affairs, March 2002), accessed June 22, 2011, http://www.pugwash.org/reports/rc/essay-gross.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  20. IISS, North Korea’s Weapons Programmes: A Net Assessment (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2004), 46.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Robert L. Gallucci, “Averting Nuclear Catastrophe: Contemplating Extreme Response to US Vulnerability,” Annuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 607 (2006): 51–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. The US State Department claimed that the North Korean government was involved in the narcotic business. US Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2004 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Paul Rexton Kan, Bruce E. Bechtol, Jr and Robert M. Collins, Criminal Sovereignty: Understanding North Korea’s Illicit International Activities (Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2010);

    Google Scholar 

  24. Raphael F. Perl, Drug Trafficking and North Korea: Issues for US Policy (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2003); Bill Gertz, “US Accuses North Korea of $100 Bill Counterfeiting,” Washington Times, October 12, 2005; David L. Asher, “The North Korean Criminal State, Its Ties to Organized Crime, and the Possibility of WMD Proliferation,” The Nautilus Institute, Policy Forum Online 05–92A, November 15, 2005, accessed June 10, 2011, http://www.nautilus.org/publications/essays/napsnet/forum/security/0592Asher.html.

    Google Scholar 

  25. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States House of Representatives, North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004, October 18, 2004, accessed September 2, 2011, http://www.northkoreanrefugees.com/hr4011.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  26. The US sought UN endorsement of the PSI, and the Security Council Resolution 1540 did not provide any explicit support to the PSI, but it called on states to participate in international cooperation to monitor and enforce domestic controls to curb proliferation. Seong Ho Shin, “Preempting Proliferation of WMD: Proliferation Security Initiative and Its Challenges,” Korean Journal of Defense Analyses 16, no. 2 (2004): 109–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sang Yong Lee, “Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2012,” Bank of Korea News Release, July 12, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2014 Jina Kim

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kim, J. (2014). Repetitive Patterns of the Crisis. In: The North Korean Nuclear Weapons Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137386069_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics