Abstract
This chapter investigates the development of Macedonian foreign policy since the country’s independence in 1991. Looking at how the country’s foreign policy has evolved since the dissolution of the Yugoslav federation and at the tools the political elites used to address challenges to it, the evolution of the foreign policy of a small, newly independent state in the post-Yugoslav space will be outlined. What makes Macedonian foreign policy an interesting case for scholarly analysis are the political and institutional transformations the country has been through over the past two and a half decades. In addition, the puzzle driving the discussion below is why and how the foreign policy consensus among Macedonian political elites has survived, despite fundamental changes in the country’s constitutional, party and political system since 1991.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anastasakis, O., and D. Bechev. ‘EU Conditionality in South East Europe: Bringing Commitment to the Process.’ European Balkan Observer, 1 (2), 2003: 5–9.
Art, R. ‘Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique.’ Policy Sciences, 4, 1973: 467–490.
Atanasov, P. ‘The “Ohrid Process”: A Long-lasting Challenge.’ Crossroads, 2 (4), 2011: 45–52.
Bechev, D. Constructing South East Europe: The Politics of Balkan Regional Cooperation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Bertsch, G. ‘Ethnicity and Politics in Socialist Yugoslavia.’ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 433. Ethnic Conflict in the World Today, 1977: 88–99.
Bloom, W. Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Bozinovski, V. ‘Public Opinion on Macedonia on EU Integration — Comparative Analysis.’ Crossroads, 2 (1), 2007: 243–251.
Chandra, K. ‘What Is an Ethnic Party?’ Party Politics, 17 (2), 2011: 151–169.
Constitution of Macedonia. ‘Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia.’ Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia. 1991. http://www.sobranie.mk/en/default-en.asp?ItemID=9F7452BF44EE814B8DB897C1858B71FF (accessed 18 March 2014).
Constitution of Yugoslavia. ‘Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.’ Belgrade: Službeni List, 21 February 1974.
Daskalovski, Z. ‘Language and Identity: The Ohrid Framework Agreement and Liberal Notions of Citizenship and Nationality in Macedonia.’ Journal of Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 1, 2002: 2–32.
Eichenberg, R. Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
European Commission. ‘Progress Reports and European Partnerships Since 2006 at: European Commission, Enlargement Policy. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.’ European Commission. 2012. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/detailed-country-information/fyrom/index_en.htm (accessed 10 February 2013).
Fawn, R. ‘Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies.’ Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 19 (3), 2003: 1–41.
Gallup Balkan Monitor. ‘Balkan Monitor 2013.’ Gallup Balkan Monitor. 2013. www.balkan-monitor.eu (accessed 5 February 2013).
Gligorov, K. Makedonija e se sto imame [Macedonia Is All We Have]. Skopje: Tri, 2000.
—. ‘15 Years of Independent Republic of Macedonia — Reflections and Prospects.’ Crossroads, 1, 2006: 7–10.
Hillgruber, C. ‘The Admission of New States to the International Community.’ European Journal of International Law, 9, 1998: 491–509.
Holsti, O., and J. Rosenau. ‘The Domestic and Foreign Policy Beliefs of American Leaders.’ Journal of Conflict Resolution, 32, 1988: 248–294.
ICJ. ‘Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia vs. Greece), Judgement.’ International Court of Justice. 11 December 2011. http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16827.pdf (accessed 29 September 2013).
Ilievski, Z., and S. Wolff. ‘Consociationalism, Centripetalism and Macedonia.’ Crossroads, 2 (4), 2011: 31–44.
Keohane, R., J. Nye, and S. Hoffman. After the Cold War: International Institutions and State Strategies in Europe 1989–1991. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Kitschelt, H. ‘Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical Propositions.’ Party Politics, 1 (4), 1995: 447–472.
Kubálková, V. Foreign Policy in a Constructed World. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2001.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Macedonia. ‘Foreign Policy: Objectives and Priorities.’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia. 2013. http://www.mfa.gov.mk/?q=node/244 (accessed 10 February 2013).
Mircev, D. ‘The International Position and Foreign Policy of Macedonia in the Light of the Last NATO Summit: President’s Activities.’ Crossroads, 3 (2), 2012: 5–18.
Ohrid Framework Agreement. ‘Framework Agreement.’ 13 August 2001. https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/site_media/media/accords/Macedonia_framework_agreement.pdf (accessed 25 January 2014).
Page, B. and R. Shapiro. ‘Effects of Public Opinion on Policy.’ American Political Science Review, 77 (1), 1983: 175–190.
Pridham, G. ‘Change and Continuity in the European Union’s Political Conditionality: Aims, Approach and Priorities.’ Democratization, 14 (3), 2007: 446–471.
Rich, R. ‘Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union.’ European Journal of International Law, 4, 1993: 36–65.
Risse-Kappen, T. ‘Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies.’ World Politics, 43 (4), 1991: 479–512.
Rusinow, D. ‘Reopening of the National Question in the 1960s.’ In State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe, by L. Cohen and J. Soso, 131–148. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2007.
Ružin, N. NATO in the Contemporary International Relations. Skopje: Friedrich-Ebert Foundation, 2010.
Skak, M. ‘Post-Communist Foreign Policies: Initial Observations.’ Conflict and Cooperation, 27 (3), 1992: 277–300.
Sokalski, H. An Ounce of Prevention: Macedonia and the UN Experience in Preventive Diplomacy. Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 2003.
Spasenovski, A. Sefot na drzavata i nadvorsenata politika [The Head of State and Foreign Policy]. Kocani: Evropa 92, 2008.
Statistical Office of Macedonia. ‘Census of the Population.’ State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 1991. http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto.aspx?id=2 (accessed 15 January 2013).
UN. ‘General Assembly Resolution 47/225.’ United Nations. 8 April 1993. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r225.htm (accessed 18 March 2014).
—. ‘Temporary Accords Between the Hellenic Republic and the FYROM.’ United Nations. 13 September 1995. http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/OfficialDocuments/Interim.html (accessed 10 February 2013).
Uvalic, M. ‘Regional Cooperation in Southeastern Europe.’ Southeast Europe and Black Sea Studies, 1 (1), 2000: 55–75.
Vankovska, B. ‘The Republic of Macedonia’s Paradoxes in Peacebuilding: Being an Object and/or an Actor?’ Crossroads, 2 (4), 2011: 5–16.
Verdery, K. What Was Socialism and What Comes Next? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Zachariadis, N. ‘Greek Policy Toward the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 1991–1995.’ Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 14 (2), 1996: 303–327.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 Cvete Koneska
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Koneska, C. (2014). Policy Consensus During Institutional Change: Macedonian Foreign Policy Since Independence. In: Keil, S., Stahl, B. (eds) The Foreign Policies of Post-Yugoslav States. New Perspectives on South-East Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137384133_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137384133_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-48084-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-38413-3
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political Science CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)