Abstract
In October 1951, a medical auxiliary working at the Civil Hospital in Wadi Halfa was sent on a tour of inspection of ten nearby villages. The conditions that he encountered were appalling. As the district’s Medical Inspector subsequently reported, the auxiliary discovered that
the whole population are [sic] undernourished and consequently anemic and physically weak. The mode of living, their clothes and dwellings eloquently spoke of their marked poverty. Most of the children were either naked or with rags on them, and the majority of the people have no bedding, or covers. In many houses the examiner could not find any grain stored or any food that might have been left over or prepared to use next meal.
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Notes
Owners of female slaves were better able to keep control of their slaves despite mounting international pressure on the Anglo-Egyptian government because officials were reluctant to interfere in what they believed to be domestic affairs, see Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, “Shari‘a Courts and the Manumission of Female Slaves in the Sudan, 1898–1939,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 28 no. 1 (1995): 1–24.
Taj Hargey, The Suppression of Slavery in the Sudan, 1898–1939, PhD Dissertation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 281–293.
See Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), 149–183.
Arthur Gaitskell, Gezira: A Story of Development in the Sudan (London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 109–120.
Heather Sharkey, Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 24–25.
Though indirect rule was a feature of the Anglo-Egyptian administration from the outset, Frederick Lugard offered the most coherent justification for this policy based on his experience in Nigeria. See: Frederick Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1922).
Martin Daly, British Administration and the Northern Sudan, 1917–1924: The Governor-Generalship of Sir Lee Stack in the Sudan (Leiden: Nederland Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1980), 171.
Martin Daly, Empire on the Nile: The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 360–379.
Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdī: A Study of Neo-Mahdīsm in the Sudan, 1899–1956 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2004), 117–123.
See the entry for Yusuf Muhammad al-Amin al-Hindi in Richard Hill, A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan, 2nd ed. (London: Frank Cass, 1967), 386.
Tim Niblock, Class and Power in the Sudan: The Dynamics of Sudanese Politics, 1898–1985 (London: MacMillan Press, 1987), 51.
For examples of this kind of analysis see Peter Woodward, Sudan 1898–1989: The Unstable State (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1990); ‘Abd al-Fattah Abu al-Fadl, Miṣr wa-al-Sudan Bayna al-Wi’am wa-al-Khiṣam (Cairo: Dar al-Hurriyya, 1995).
Martin Daly, Imperial Sudan: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1934–1956 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 184–185.
Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, City of Steel and Fire: A Social History of Atbara, Sudan’s Railway Town, 1906–1984 (Oxford: James Curry, 2002), 97–118;
Saad Ed Din Fawzi, The Labour Movement in the Sudan, 1946–1955 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), 17–24;
Muhammad ‘Umar Bashir, Tarikh al-Ḥaraka al-Waṭaniyya fi al-Sudan, 1900–1969, 2nd ed. (Khartoum: al-Maṭbu ‘at al-‘Arabiyya, 1987), 204–222; Daly, Imperial Sudan, 317–330.
For a granular study of the implementation of these policies see: Gaim Kibreab, State Intervention and the Environment in Sudan, 1889–1989: The Demise of Communal Resource Management (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002).
D. John Shaw, The Managil South-West Extension: An Example of an Irrigation Development Project in the Republic of the Sudan (Netherlands: H. Veenman and Zonen, 1967), 10.
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© 2013 Steven Serels
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Serels, S. (2013). Food Insecurity and the Transition to Independence, 1940–1956. In: Starvation and the State. Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137383877_7
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