Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood ((PSHC))

  • 85 Accesses

Abstract

In 1863 Andrew Murray jun. (1828–1917), the influential Moderator of the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), published Wat zal doch dit kindeken wezen?, the first in a series of guides to Christian child-rearing. Although intended initially for a readership in the Cape Colony, it travelled along the networks which linked Protestant evangelicals around the world, and was read with interest abroad. In 1882 the book was translated into English and, as Raising Your Children for Christ, reached an even wider audience. Although Raising Your Children for Christ describes the purpose and content of the book — over 52 chapters it explains to parents how to bring up Christian children — the original Dutch title evokes the discussions which informed its writing. Directly translated, Wat zal doch dit kindeken wezen? means ‘What will this child become?’

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. There is one article which deals explicitly with nineteenth-century childhoods: E. Bradlow, ‘Children and Childhood at the Cape in the 19th Century’, Kleio, 20 (1988), pp. 8–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. H. Cunningham, ‘Histories of Childhood’, The American Historical Review, 103, 4 (1998), p. 1195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. See, for instance: L. Thomas, Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), and ‘The Modern Girl and Racial Respectability in 1930s South Africa’, JAH, 47, 3 (2006), pp. 461–490;

    Google Scholar 

  4. B. Carton, Blood from Your Children: The Colonial Origins of Generational Conflict in South Africa (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000);

    Google Scholar 

  5. B. Grier, Invisible Hands: Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe (London: Heinemann, 2005);

    Google Scholar 

  6. P. Ocobock, ‘Joy Rides for Juveniles: Vagrant Youth and Colonial Control in Nairobi, Kenya, 1901–1952’, Social History, 31, 1 (2006), pp. 39–59;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A. George, Making Modern Girls: A History of Girlhood, Labour, and Social Development in Colonial Lagos (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2015);

    Google Scholar 

  8. S. Aderinto, ‘Researching Colonial Childhoods: Images and Representations of Children in Nigerian Newspaper Press, 1925–1950’, History in Africa, 39 (2012), pp. 241–266;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. L. Fourchard, ‘Lagos and the Invention of Juvenile Delinquency in Nigeria, 1920–1960’, Journal of African History, 47, 1 (2006), pp. 115–137;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. R. Waller, ‘Rebellious Youth in Colonial Africa’, Journal of African History, 47, 1 (2006), pp. 77–92;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Burton and H. Charton-Bigot (eds.), Generations Past: Youth in East African History (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2010);

    Google Scholar 

  12. A. Burton, ‘Urchins, Loafers, and the Cult of the Cowboy: Urbanisation and Delinquency in Dar es Salaam, 1919–1961’, JAH, 42, 2 (2001), pp. 199–216;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. C. Decker, Mobilizing Zanzibari Women: The Struggle for Respectability and Self-Reliance in Colonial East Africa (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014);

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. C.J. Lee, ‘Children in the Archives: Epistolary Evidence, Youth Agency, and the Social Meanings of “Coming of Age” in Interwar Nyasaland’, Journal of Family History, 35 (2010), pp. 25–47;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. S. Marks, Not Either an Experimental Doll: The Separate Worlds of Three South African Women (London: The Women’s Press, 1987);

    Google Scholar 

  16. P. Scully, Liberating the Family? Gender and British Slave Emancipation in the Rural Western Cape, South Africa, 1823–1853 (London: Heinemann, 1997);

    Google Scholar 

  17. S. Burman and M. Naude, ‘Bearing a Bastard: The Social Consequences of Illegitimacy in Cape Town, 1896–1939’, JSAS, 17, 3 (1991), pp. 378–381;

    Google Scholar 

  18. D. Gaitskell, ‘“Wailing for Purity”: Prayer Unions, African Mothers and Adolescent Daughters, 1912–1940’, in Industrialisation and Social Church in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture, and Consciousness, Shula Marks and Richard Rathbone (eds.) (Harlow: Longman, London, [1982] 1987), pp. 338–357;

    Google Scholar 

  19. C. Glaser, BoTsotsi: The Youth Gangs of Soweto, 1935–1976 (London: Heinemann, 2000);

    Google Scholar 

  20. G. Groenewald, ‘Een Spoorloos Vrouwpersoon’: Unmarried Mothers, Moral Regulation and the Church at the Cape of Good Hope, circa 1652–1795’, Historia, 53, 2 (2008), pp. 5–32;

    Google Scholar 

  21. M. Healy-Clancy, A World of Their Own: A History of South African Women’s Education (Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2013);

    Google Scholar 

  22. A. Mager, ‘Youth Organisations and the Construction of Masculine Identities in the Ciskei and Transkei, 1945–1960’, JSAS, 24, 4 (1998), pp. 653–667;

    Google Scholar 

  23. V.C. Malherbe, ‘In Onegt Verwekt: Law, Custom and Illegitimacy in Cape Town, 1800–1840’, JSAS, 31, 1 (2005), pp. 163–185;

    Google Scholar 

  24. K. Mooney, “Ducktails, Flick-Knives and Pugnacity”: Subcultural and Hegemonic Masculinities in South Africa, 1948–1960’, JSAS, 24, 4 (1998), pp. 753–774;

    Google Scholar 

  25. R. Morrell, From Boys to Gentlemen: Settler Masculinity in Colonial Natal, 1880–1920 (Pretoria: University of South Africa, 2001);

    Google Scholar 

  26. J. Seekings, Heroes or Villains: Youth Politics in the 1980s (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1993);

    Google Scholar 

  27. P. Delius and S. Trapido, ‘Inboekselings and Oorlams: The Creation and Transformation of a Servile Class’, JSAS, 8, 2 (April 1982), pp. 214–242;

    Google Scholar 

  28. Muirhead, ’ “The Children of Today Make the Nation of Tomorrow:”’ and P. Badassy, ‘A Severed Umbilicus: Infanticide and Concealment of Birth in Natal, 1860–1935’ (PhD thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2011).

    Google Scholar 

  29. J. and J. Comaroff, ‘Reflections on Youth, from the Past to the Postcolony’, in Frontiers of Capital: Ethnographic Reflections on the New Economy, Melissa S. Fisher and Greg Downey (eds.) (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006), p. 268.

    Google Scholar 

  30. S. Mintz, ‘Reflections on Age as a Category of Historical Analysis’, JHCY, 1, 1 (Winter 2008), p. 92.

    Google Scholar 

  31. See for instance J. Abbink, ‘Being Young in Africa: The Politics of Despair or Renewal’, in Vanguards or Vandals: Youth Politics and Conflict in Africa, Jon Abbink and Inekevan Kessel (eds.) (Leiden: Brill, 2005), pp. 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  32. D. Durham, ‘Youth and the Social Imagination in Africa’, Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 73, no. 3 (July 2000), p. 113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. M.J. Maynes, ‘Age as a Category of Historical Analysis: History, Agency, and Narratives of Childhood’, JHCY, 1, 1 (2008), p. 116.

    Google Scholar 

  34. P.N. Stearns, ‘Challenges in the History of Childhood’, JHCY, 1, 1 (2008), p. 36.

    Google Scholar 

  35. W.M. Freund, ‘The Cape under the Transitional Governments, 1795–1814’, in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840, Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee (eds.) (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, [1988] 1989), p. 327.

    Google Scholar 

  36. T.R.H. Davenport, ‘The Consolidation of a New Society: The Cape Colony’, The Oxford History of South Africa, vol. I, Monica Wilson and Leonard Thompson (eds.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 290–295;

    Google Scholar 

  37. A. du Toit, ‘The Cape Afrikaners’ Failed Liberal Moment, 1850–1870’, in Democratic Liberalism in South Africa: Its History and Prospect, Jeffrey Butler, Richard Elphick, and David Welsh (eds.) (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1987), 37–38;

    Google Scholar 

  38. S. Dubow, Land, Labour, and Merchant Capital: The Experience of the Graaff Reinet District in the Pre-Industrial Rural Economy of the Cape, 1852–1872 (Cape Town: Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, 1982), p. 3;

    Google Scholar 

  39. D. Hobart Houghton, ‘Economic Development, 1865–1965’, in The Oxford History of South Africa, vol. II, Monica Wilson and Leonard Thompson (eds.) (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. R. Ross, ‘The Origins of Capitalist Agriculture in the Cape Colony: A Survey’, in Putting a Plough to the Ground: Accumulation and Dispossession in Rural South Africa1880–1930, William Beinart, Peter Delius, and Stanley Trapido (eds.) (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1986), p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. Tamarkin, Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: The Imperial Colossus and the Colonial Parish Pump (London and Portland: Frank Cass, 1996), p. 16.

    Google Scholar 

  42. V. Bickford-Smith, Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 1995), pp. 43–44, 131.

    Google Scholar 

  43. W.E.G. Solomon, Saul Solomon: The Member for Cape Town (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1948), pp. 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bickford-Smith, Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice, pp. 129–130; N. Worden, E. van Heyningen, and V. Bickford-Smith, Cape Town: The Making of a City (Cape Town: David Philip, 1998), pp. 154–155.

    Google Scholar 

  45. P. Scully, ‘Criminality and Conflict in Rural Stellenbosch, South Africa, 1870–1900’, Journal of African History, 30, 2 (1989), p. 290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. The GRA’s work to constitute and promote Afrikaans as a distinct language in its own right has since been dubbed the First Language Movement. Isabel Hofmeyr’s ‘Building a Nation from Words: Afrikaans Language, Literature and Ethnic Identity, 1902–1924’, in The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century South Africa, Shula Marks and Stanley Trapido (eds.) (London and New York: Longman, 1987), remains the best source on the link between the Second Afrikaans Language Movement and the rise of Afrikaner nationalism after the South African War. She touches briefly on the First Language Movement.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hofmeyr, ‘Building a Nation from Words’, pp. 96–98; Giliomee, The Afrikaners: Biography of a People (Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2003), pp. 217–218; T.R.H. Davenport, The Afrikaner Bond: The History of a South African Political Party, 1880–1911 (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1966), pp. 29–30.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Helen Bradford, ‘Regendering Afrikanerdom: The 1899–1902 Anglo-Boer War’, in Gendered Nations: Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century, Ida Blom, Karen Hagemann, and Catherine Hall (eds.) (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2000), pp. 208–209.

    Google Scholar 

  49. J. Murray, ‘Some Characteristics of Our Fellow Colonists’, CMM, December 1877, p. 369.

    Google Scholar 

  50. R. Ross, Beyond the Pale: Essays on Colonial South Africa (London: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), pp. 102–110.

    Google Scholar 

  51. R. Elphick and R. Shell, ‘Intergroup Relations: Khoikhoi, Settlers, Slaves, and Free Blacks, 1652–1795’, in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840, Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee (eds.) (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, [1988] 1989), p. 231.

    Google Scholar 

  52. A.L. Stoler, ‘Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 31, no. 1 (January 1989), p. 136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. E. Boucher, Empire’s Children: Child Emigration, Welfare, and the Decline of the British World, 1869–1967 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 15.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  54. See, for instance: A.L. Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002);

    Google Scholar 

  55. D. Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890–1939 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987);

    Google Scholar 

  56. and A. McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  57. For example: E. Buettner, Empire Families: Britons and Late Imperial India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004);

    Google Scholar 

  58. O. White, Children of the French Empire: Miscegenation and Colonial Society in French West Africa, 1895–1960 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999);

    Book  Google Scholar 

  59. and F. Paisley, ‘Childhood and Race: Growing Up in the Empire’, in Gender and Empire, Philippa Levine (ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 240–259.

    Google Scholar 

  60. See, for example: H. Giliomee, The Afrikaners; A. du Toit, ‘The Construction of Afrikaner Chosenness’, in Many Are Chosen: Divine Election and Western Nationalism, William R. Hutchinson and Hartmut Lehmann (eds.) (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994);

    Google Scholar 

  61. A. du Toit, ‘The Cape Afrikaners’ Failed Liberal Moment, 1850–1870’; A. du Toit and H. Giliomee, Afrikaner Political Thought: Analysis and Documents, vol. 1, 1780–1850 (Cape Town: David Philip, 1983);

    Google Scholar 

  62. H. Giliomee, ‘The Beginnings of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1870–1915.’ SAHJ, 19 (1987), pp. 121–140;

    Google Scholar 

  63. Ross, Beyond the Pale; S. Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  64. The DRC of the twentieth century, which provided the theological and moral underpinnings of apartheid, was a socially and theologically very different organisation from the church in the nineteenth century. See J. Kinghorn, ‘Modernisation and Apartheid: The Afrikaner Churches’, in Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social, and Cultural History, Richard Elphick and Rodney Davenport (eds.) (Oxford and Cape Town: James Currey and David Philip, 1997), pp. 135–154,

    Google Scholar 

  65. and L. Korf, ‘Podium and/or Pulpit? D.F. Malan’s Role in the Politicisation of the Dutch Reformed Church, 1900–1959’, Historia, 52, 2 (2007), pp. 214–238.

    Google Scholar 

  66. S. Mintz, Huck’s Raft: A History of American Childhood (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), p.156.

    Google Scholar 

  67. See Boucher, Empire’s Children, and S. Swain and M. Hillel, Child, Nation, Race and Empire. Child Rescue Discourse, England, Canada and Australia, 1850–1915 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  68. E. Bradlow, ‘The Children’s Friend Society at the Cape of Good Hope’, Victorian Studies, 27, 2 (Winter, 1984), pp. 155–177.

    Google Scholar 

  69. L.A. Pollock, Foreword, Picturing Children: Constructions of Childhood between Rousseau and Freud, Marilyn R. Brown (ed.) (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), pp. xv–xix.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Mintz, Huck’s Raft, pp. 152–153; H. Cunningham, Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500 (London and New York: Longman, [1995] 1998), p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  71. H. Hendrick, Child Welfare: England1872–1989 (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 29.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cunningham, Children and Childhood, pp. 152–153; Mintz, Huck’s Raft, pp. 168–172; D. Gorham, ‘The “Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” Re-Examined: Child Prostitution and the Idea of Childhood in Late-Victorian England’, Victorian Studies 21, 3 (1978), pp. 353–379.

    Google Scholar 

  73. M. Chanock, The Making of South African Legal Culture, 1902–1936: Fear, Favour, and Prejudice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 208.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  74. On the origins, work and influence of the Society for the Protection of Child Life and the Children’s Aid Society, see J. Muirhead, ‘“The Children of Today Make the Nation of Tomorrow:” A Social History of Child Welfare in Twentieth-Century South Africa, (MA thesis, Stellenbosch University, 2012); and L. Chisholm, ‘Class, Colour, and Gender in Child Welfare in South Africa, 1902–1918’, South African Historical Journal, 23 (1990), pp. 100–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. T. Bull, The Maternal Management of Children, in Health and Disease (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1840), p. 1; C. Hardyment, Dream Babies: Childcare and Advice from John Locke to Gina Ford, revised edn (London: Frances Lincoln, 2007), p. 43.

    Google Scholar 

  76. B. Clark, ‘History of the Roman-Dutch Law of Marriage from a Socio-Economic Perspective’, in Essays on the History of Law, D.P. Visser (ed.) (Cape Town: Juta, 1980), p. 176.

    Google Scholar 

  77. B. Clark, ‘History of the Roman-Dutch Law of Marriage from a Socio-Economic Perspective’, in Essays on the History of Law, D.P. Visser (ed.) (Cape Town: Juta, 1980), p. 176.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Census, 1891, p. xlvii. On marking phases of development, see L. Paris, ‘Through the Looking Glass: Age, Stages, and Historical Analysis’, JHCY, 1, 1 (2008), pp. 106–113.

    Google Scholar 

  79. I.A. Geffen, The Laws of South Africa Affecting Women and Children (Johannesburg: R.L. Esson, 1928), p. xxxix; Chanock, The Making of South African Legal Culture, p. 201.

    Google Scholar 

  80. R. Shell, Children of Bondage: A Social Histoty of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838 (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1994), pp. 222–226.

    Google Scholar 

  81. H. Bradford, ‘Olive Schreiner’s Hidden Agony: Fact, Fiction, and Teenage Abortion’, JSAS, 21, 4 (December 1995), p. 626.

    Google Scholar 

  82. E. van Heyningen, ‘“Regularly Licensed and Properly Educated Practitioners”: Professionalisation, 1860–1910’, in A Social History of the Cape Doctor in the Nineteenth Century, Harriet Deacon, Howard Philips, and Elizabeth van Heyningen (eds.) (Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2004), pp. 208–211;

    Google Scholar 

  83. C. Simkins and E. van Heyningen, ‘Fertility, Mortality, and Migration in the Cape Colony, 1891–1904’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 1, 22 (1989), pp. 81–82, 89.

    Google Scholar 

  84. L. Davidoff, M. Doolittle, J. Fink, and K. Holden, The Family Story: Blood, Contract, and Intimacy, 1830–1960 (London and New York: Longman, 1999), pp. 168–169.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2015 S.E. Duff

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duff, S.E. (2015). Introduction. In: Changing Childhoods in the Cape Colony. Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137380944_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137380944_1

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-47950-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-38094-4

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics