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The Visibility of Torture in Nineteenth-Century Case Study Collections

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Violence and Visibility in Modern History

Abstract

Recording and archiving acts of physical violence used to be an everyday practice in criminal law in the early modern period, provided such torture was used as a legal means of forcing evidence. As the places where these records are held, court archives represent a decisive instance of the visibility of violence, yet they record the treatment of the body only as detailed as required by the respective court proceedings. In the case I will analyze in the following, for example, only the behavior of the torture victims and not the violence administered by the executioner was recorded.1

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Notes

  1. Uwe Danker, Räuberbanden im Alten Reich um 1700. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte von Herrschaft und Kriminalität in der Frühen Neuzeit (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1988), 548 (footnote 103). Concerning the textual and visual documentation of torture and its legal and cultural implications see also Silvan Niedermeier’s chapter in this volume.

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  2. Wolfgang Schild, “Relationen und Referierkunst,” in Erzählte Kriminalität. Zur Typologie und Funktion von narrativen Darstellungen in Strafrechtspflege, Publizistik und Literatur zwischen 1770 und 1920, ed. Jörg Schönert (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1991), 165.

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  3. The assumption of the editors of the Pitaval that the case of Nickel List was the model for Schiller’s The Robbers (Eduard Hitzig and Wilhelm Häring, “Nickel List und seine Gesellen,” in Der neue Pitaval. Eine Sammlung der interessantesten Criminalgeschichten aller Länder aus älterer und neuerer Zeit, vol. 3, eds. Eduard Hitzig/Wilhelm Häring [Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1843], 357)

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  4. was verified by later research (Günther Kraft, Historische Studien zu Schillers Schauspiel “Die Räuber” [Weimar: Arion, 1959], 89;

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  5. Dorothy Hewlett, A Life of John Keats [New York; Barnes & Noble, 1950], 237). However, there have been no detailed studies of the sources until now. Nickel List is not even mentioned in the historical-critical edition of Schiller’s works.

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  6. Cf. Friedrich Christian Benedict Avé-Lallement, Das Deutsche Gaunerthum in seiner social-politischen, literarischen und linguistischen Ausbildung zu seinem heutigen Bestande. Erster Theil (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1858), 221.

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  7. Ernst Schubert, “Der berühmteste Kirchenraub der deutschen Kriminalgeschichte. Der Raub der Lüneburger Goldenen Tafel 1698,” in Vielfalt und Aktualität des Mittelalters. Festschrift für Wolfgang Petke zum 65. Geburtstag, eds. Sabine Arend et al. (Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 2006), 462.

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  8. The Carolina comments upon Article 20 as follows: “That no one should be questioned under torture without due proof” (Die Peinliche Gerichtsordnung Kaiser Karls V. von 1532, hrsg. und erläutert von Gustav Radbruch, ed. Arthur Kaufmann [Stuttgart: Reclam, 1984], 40). Cited in the following as the “Carolina.”

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  9. Cf. Alexander Ignor, Geschichte des Strafprozesses in Deutschland 1532–1846. Von der Carolina Karls V. bis zu den Reformen des Vormärz (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2002), 121–122.

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  10. Edward Peters, Torture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996);

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  11. John H. Langbein, Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Régime (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977).

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  12. Cf. on this topic: Weitin, “Die Ökonomie der Folter,” Folter: Politik und Technik des Schmerzes, eds. Thomas Macho/Karin Harrasser/Burkhardt Wolf (München: Fink, 2007), 281.

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  13. “No one may be punished but following a proven crime. Thus he cannot be tortured. But territio occurs.” (Immanuel Kant, Gesammelte Schriften, ed. Akademie der Wissenschaften [Berlin/Leipzig: Reimer, 1934], vol. 19, 413.

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  14. Cf. Immanuel Kant, Die Metaphysik der Sitten, in Werkausgabe, ed. Wilhelm Weinschädel (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1977), vol. 8, 421.

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  15. Cf. on Kant’s position on oaths: Marcus Twellmann, “Volksaufklärung im Recht? Am Rand einer Anekdote,” in Fatale Sprachen. Eid und Fluch in Literatur- und Rechtsgeschichte, eds. Peter Friedrich/Manfred Schneider (München: Fink, 2009), 219–225 (chapter 7: ‘Der kantische Einschnitt’).

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© 2013 Jürgen Martschukat and Silvan Niedermeier

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Weitin, T. (2013). The Visibility of Torture in Nineteenth-Century Case Study Collections. In: Martschukat, J., Niedermeier, S. (eds) Violence and Visibility in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137378699_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137378699_3

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-47843-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-37869-9

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