Abstract
In August 1917, the Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, announced Britain’s long-term goals in India. He declared that the British intended to increase the number of Indians in “every branch of the administration,” and develop self-governing institutions, “with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire.”1 This declaration, made in the heat of war and in a time of growing opposition to British rule, opened the way for the enactment of the cautious and gradualist Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919.
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Notes
Peter G. Robb, The Government of India and Reform: Policies Towards Politics and the Constitution, 1916–1921 (Oxford, 1976), p. 318.
Laurence Rushbrook Williams, India in 1919 (Calcutta, 1920), p. 9.
Roos-Keppel to Sir John Maffey, 8 May 1919, quoted in Abdul Ali Arghandawi, British Imperialism and Afghanistan’s Struggle for Independence, 1914–1921 (New Delhi, 1989), p. 176.
Abdul Ghaffar Khan, My Life and Struggle: Autobiography of Badshah Khan as Narrated to K. B. Narang (Delhi, 1969), pp. 40–41.
See Sir Michael O’Dwyer, The Punjab Disturbances of April 1919: Criticism of the Hunter Committee Report (London, 1919) and
Sir Michael O’Dwyer, India as I Knew It, 1885–1925 (London, 1928), pp. 104–134.
See, for example, Alfred Draper, Amritsar: The Massacre that Ended the Raj (London, 1981) and
Nigel Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer (London, 2005).
Abdul Ali Arghandawi, British Imperialism and Afghanistan’s Struggle for Independence, 1914–1921 (New Delhi, 1989), pp. 176–179.
Sir Anthony Hamilton Grant, “India,” in Essays in Liberalism: Being the Lectures and Papers which were Delivered at the Liberal Summer School at Oxford, 1922, (London, 1922), pp. 92–110.
Stephen Alan Rittenberg, Ethnicity, Nationalism, and the Pakhtuns: The Independence Movement in India’s North-West Frontier Province (Durham, North Carolina, 1988), p. 48.
See Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India (New York, 1982) and
M. Naeem Qureshi, Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924 (Leiden, 1999).
See Dietrich Reetz, Hijrat: The Flight of the Faithful –A British File on the Exodus of Muslim Peasants from North India to Afghanistan in 1920 (Berlin, 1995); Chapter 4 in Qureshi, Pan-Islam; and
Lal Baha, “The Hijrat Movement and the North-West Frontier Province,” in Fazal-ur-Rahim Marwat and Sayed Ali Shah Kakakhel (eds), Afghanistan and the Frontier (Peshawar, 1993), pp. 168–183.
Interview with Khudai Khidmatgar leader Abdul Aziz in Mukulika Banerjee, The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North-West Frontier (Delhi, 2001), p. 50.
Secretary of State to Viceroy, 16 July 1923, L P&J 9/19, and Laurence Rushbrook Williams, India in 1925–26 (Calcutta, 1927), p. 107.
See David Page, Prelude to Partition: Indian Muslims and the Imperial System of Control, 1920–1932 (New York, 1982).
See Tan Tai Yong, The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947 (New Delhi, 2005) and
David Lelyveld, Aligarh’s First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India (Princeton, 1978), Chapter 2.
Judith M. Brown, Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, 2nd Edition (Oxford, 1994), p. 251. See also
Carl Bridge, Holding India to the Empire: The British Conservative Party and the 1935 Constitution (New Delhi, 1986).
See Shiri Ram Bakshi, Simon Commission and Indian Nationalism (New Delhi, 1977).
See All Parties Conference, Report of the Committee appointed by the Conference to Determine the Principles of the Constitution for India: Together with a Summary of the Proceedings of the Conference Held at Lucknow (Allahabad, 1928).
See Indian Statutory Commission, Report of the Indian Statutory Commission, Vol. II, Recommendations (London, 1930), pp. 101–107.
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Marsh, B. (2015). A Cigarette in a Powder Magazine: The Frontier, Nationalism, and Reform, 1919–1930. In: Ramparts of Empire. Britain and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137374011_4
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