Abstract
This chapter examines the historical trajectory of nationalism in Sudan during the decolonization struggle and its implications in defining the national identity of the nation and the postcolonial state.
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Notes
For studies on state, nationalism, and citizenship in Africa, see Mamood Mamdani, “African States, Citizenship and War: A Case-Study”; International Affairs, 2002, 78, 3, pp. 493–506;
T. Thomas, “Reviewing Africa’s Tribes and Borders,” Contemporary Review, 2004, 285, 1663, pp. 79–82;
Ruth Iyob and Gilbert M. Khadiagala, Sudan: The Elusive Quest for Peace, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006;
Ruth Marshall-Frantani, “The War of ‘Who Is Who’, Autochthony, Nationalism, and Citizenship in the Ivoirian Crisis”, African Studies Review, 49, 2, pp. 9–43;
I. Brewer, “Racial Politics and Nationalism; The Case of South Africa,” Sociology, 16, 1982;
Mansour Khalid, War and Peace in Sudan: A Tale of Two Countries, New York: Kegan Paul, 2003;
Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis; History of a Genocide, London: C. Hurst, 1998.
Catherine, Besteman, “Violent Politics and the Politics of Violence: The Dissolution of the Somalia Nation-State,” American Ethnologists, 23, 3, 1996.
John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 2nd edn, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993
Cited in Anthony Marx, Faith in Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p.13.
See Marx, Faith in Nation, p. 13; Homi Bhabha, ed., Narration and the State, London: Routledge, 1990;
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso, 1983,
E. Tolkin, Narrating Our Past Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
See Marx, Faith in Nation, p. 13.; also see M. A. Mohamed Salih, “Other Identities: Politics of Sudanese Discursive Narratives”, Identities, 5, 1, 1998, pp. 5–31.
Heather J. Sharkey, “Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity, and Race,” African Affairs, 107, 426, 2008, p. 33.
Amir Idris, Sudan’s Civil War: Slavery, Race and Formational Identities, Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2001, p. 78.
Abdullahi Smith, A Little New Light: Selected Historical Writings of Abdullahi Smith, Zaria: Abdullahi Smith Center for Historical Research, 1987.
Rex S O’Fahey and J. L. Spaulding, eds, Kingdoms of the Sudan, London: Methuen & Co., 1974.
See M. A. Mohamed Salih, “Tribal Militia: The Genesis of National Integration,” in Ethnicity and Conflict in the Horn of Africa, John Markakis and Fukui Katsuyoshi, eds, London and Athens: James Curry and Ohio University Press, 1994, pp. 187–201;
Jay O’Brien, Ethnicity, “National Identity and Social Conflict,” in Social Science and Conflict Analysis, eds, A. Hurskainen and M. A. Mohamed Salih, Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1993, pp. 60–82;
Francis Deng, War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan, 1995;
Julie Flint and Alex de Waal, Darfur: A new History of a Long War, African Argument, London: Zed Books/International African Institute, 2005.
Joseph Oduho and William Deng, The Problem of Southern Sudan, 1963;
Yusuf F. Hasan, Islam in the Sudan, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967, and his work, The Arabs and the Sudan, from the Seventh to the Early Sixteenth Century, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967.
See for instance, Sadiq Al Mahdi, Mustgbal al-Islam final Sudan, Saudi Arabi: Tuhama Publishing, 1983.
Al-Baqir al-Afif Mukhtar, “The Crisis of Identity in Northern Sudan,” in Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban and Kharyssa Rhodes, eds, Race and Identity in the Nile Valley: Ancient and Modern Perspectives, Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 2004, p. 223.
Mohamed Omer Bashir, Revolution and Nationalism in the Sudan, London: Rex Collings, 1974, p. 2.
Some British administrators believed that “the educated Sudanese often acquired the attitudes of European civilization without its grace and manners, and this makes them appears on occasion arrogant as if their main desire was to show that they were as good as any foreigner.” For this reason some argued that the British had to work with the tribal and religious leaders instead. For more details see “The Sudan: The Road Ahead,” Fabian Publications LTD, Research Series, No. 99, September, 1945. See also Babikr Bedri, The Memories of Babikr Bedri, Vol. 2, trans. Yusif Bedri and Peter Hoag, London: Ithaca Press, 1980, p. 120.
Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, “Sudan: The Authoritarian State,” in The African State: Reoncisderations, ed. Abdi Ismail Samatar and Ahmed I. Samatar, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2002, p. 200.
Yoshiko Kurita, Ali Abd al-Latif was Thawra 1924: Bahth fi Masadir al-Thawra al-Sudaniyya, Cairo, 1997, also see her work, “The Language of Class and the Language of Race in Modern Sudanese Politics: The Case of AIi Abd al-latif and the Revolution of 1924,” Paper presented at a conference on Nation Building in Sudan, Cairo, April 1995, pp. 2–6;
Peter Woodward, Sudan, 1898–1989: The Unstable State, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990, p. 56.
Mohamed Omer Beshir, Revolution and Nationalism in the Sudan, 1974, p. 131.
J. F. Ade Ajayi, “Expectations of Independence,” Daedalus, 111, 2, 1982, p. 4.
Mansour Khalid, The Government They Deserve: The Role of the Elite in Sudan’s Political Evolution, London: Kegan Paul International, 1990, p. 73.
See Tim Niblock, Class and Power in Sudan, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.
Mohammed Omer Beshir, Revolution and Nationalism in the Sudan, 1974, pp. 2, 52.
Dunstan Wai, The African-Arab Conflict in the Sudan, New York: Africana Pub. Co., 1981, p. 392.
Robert Collins, “African-Arab Relations in Sudan,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Middle East Studies Association, November 23–26, 1985, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 10.
See Mohammed Zieda, “Sudan as an Arab-Islamic State,” Sout El Sudan (The Sudan’s Voice), January 3, 1956, p. 3.
Cited by Uabriel R. Warburg, “The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983–1989,” Middle East Journal, 44, 4, 1990, p. 633.
Peter Kok, “Sudan: Between Radical Restructuring and Deconstruction of State Systems”, Review of African Political Economy, 70, 1995, p. 556.
B. G. V. Nyombe, “The Politics of Language, Culture, Religion and Race in the Sudan,” Frankfurter Afrikanistische Blatter, 6, 1994; Sharkey, “Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan”.
J. O. Voll, “Imperialism, Nationalism, and Missionaries: Lessons from Sudan for the Twenty-First Century,” Islam and Christian Muslim Relations, 8, 1, 1997.
See for instance, Woodward, Sudan, 1898–1989; and Anne Mosely Lesch, The Sudan: Contested National Identities, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998.
See Jane Kani Edward and Amir Idris, “The Consequences of Sudan’s Civil Wars for the Civilian Population”, in Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa, ed. John Laband, 2007.
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© 2013 Amir Idris
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Idris, A. (2013). The Curse of Exclusive Nationalism: National Identity and Citizenship. In: Identity, Citizenship, and Violence in Two Sudans: Reimagining a Common Future. Palgrave Pivot, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137371799_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137371799_4
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