Abstract
Shareholder wealth accretion is difficult to predict under most circumstances (Doukas and Kan, 2006; Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006) and it can become a herculean task when cast under the shadows of a financial crisis (Mody and Negishi, 2000). In this chapter, we examine the role of a supranational institution like the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on the value creation ability of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) for investors during the financial turmoil. We look at European acquisitions undertaken before and after the 2007–8 financial crisis to ascertain short-term shareholder returns. The majority of earlier studies either look at domestic versus international aspects of M&A deals without paying attention to the regional and supranational arrangements integrating different countries, or they have examined the performance of M&A deals during ‘normal’ times, which leaves out the effects of financial instability or economic recession within and across a political or economic union as a question yet to be answered.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acharya, V.V. and Schnabl, P. (2010) Do global banks spread global imbalances? Asset-backed commercial paper during the financial crisis of 2007–09. IMF Economic Review, 58: 37–73.
Anand, J., Capron, L. and Mitchell, W. (2005) Using acquisitions to access multinational diversity: thinking beyond the domestic versus cross-border M&A comparison. Industrial and Corporate Change, 14: 191–224.
Arezki, R., Candelon, B. and Sy A. (2011) Sovereign rating news and financial markets spillovers: evidence from the European debt crisis. IMF working papers nos. 1–27.
Bjorvatn, K. (2004) Economic integration and the profitability of cross-border mergers nd acquisitions. European Economic Review, 48: 1211–26.
Blackburn, V.L., Dark, F.H. and Hanson, R.C. (1997) Mergers, method of payment and returns to manager-and owner-controlled firms. Financial Review, 32: 569–89.
Brown, D.T. and Ryngaert, M.D. (1991) The mode of acquisition in takeovers: taxes and asymmetric information. Journal of Finance, 46: 653–69.
Campa, J.M. and Hernando, I. (2006) M&As performance in the European financial industry. Journal of Banking and Finance, 30: 3367–92.
Campello, M., Graham, J.R. and Harvey, C.R. (2010) The real effects of financial constraints: evidence from a financial crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 97: 470–87.
Capron, L. and Shen, J.C. (2007) Acquisitions of private vs. public firms: private information, target selection, and acquirer returns. Strategic Management Journal, 28: 891–911.
Cartwright, S. and Schoenberg, R. (2006) Thirty years of mergers and acquisitions research: recent advances and future opportunities. British Journal of Management, 17: S1–S5.
Charumilind, C, Kali, R. and Wiwattanakantang, Y. (2006) Connected lending: Thailand before the financial crisis. The Journal of Business, 79: 181–218.
Chattopadhyay P., Glick, W.H. and Huber, G.P. (2001) Organizational actions in response to threats and opportunities. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 937–55.
Chau, V.S., Thomas, H., Clegg, S. and Leung, A.S.M. (2012) Managing performance in global crisis. British Journal of Management, 23: S1-S5.
Chesnais, F. and Simonetti, R. (2000) Globalization, foreign direct investment and innovation: a European perspective, in I.-G. Chesnais and R. Simonetti (eds) European Integration and Global Corporate Strategies. London: Routledge.
Claessens, S., DellAriccia, G., Igan, D. and Laeven, L. (2010) Cross-country experiences and policy implications from the global financial crisis. Economic Policy, 25: 267–93.
Coeurdacier, N., De Santis, R.A. and Aviat, A. (2009) Cross-border mergers and acquisitions and European integration. Economic Policy, 24: 55–106.
Denis, D., Denis, D. and Yost, K. (2002) Global diversification, industrial diversification, and firm value. Journal of Finance, 57: 1951–79.
Dikova, D., Sahib, P.R. and Van Witteloostuijn, A. (2009) Cross-border acquisition abandonment and completion: the effect of institutional differences and organizational learning in the international business service industry, 1981–2001. Journal of International Business Studies, 41: 223–45.
Dos Santos, M.B., Errunza, V.R. and Miller, D.P. (2008) Does corporate international diversification destroy value? Evidence from cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Journal of Banking and Finance, 32: 2716–24.
Doukas, J. and Kan, O.B. (2006) Does global diversification destroy firm value? Journal of International Business Studies, 37: 352–71.
Doukas, J. and Travlos, N.G. (1988) The effect of corporate multinationalism on shareholders’ wealth: evidence from international acquisitions. Journal of Finance, 43: 1161–75.
Eckert, S., Dittfeld, M., Muche, T. and Rässler, S. (2010) Does multinationality lead to value enhancement? An empirical examination of publicly listed corporations from Germany. International Business Review, 19: 562–74.
Faccio, M. and Masulis, R.W. (2005) The choice of payment method in European mergers and acquisitions. Journal of Finance, 60: 1345–88.
Faccio, M., McConnell, J.J. and Stolin, D. (2006) Returns to acquirers of listed and unlisted targets. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 41: 197–220.
Ghemawat, P. (2001) Distance still matters. Harvard Business Review, 79: 137–47.
Goergen, M. and Renneboog, L. (2004) Shareholder wealth effects of European domestic and cross-border takeover bids. European Financial Management, 10: 9–45.
Gregory, A. and McCorriston, S. (2005) Foreign acquisitions by UK limited companies: short-and long-run performance. Journal of Empirical Finance, 12: 99–125.
Gubbi, S., Aulakh, P., Ray, S., Sarkar, M. and Chittoor, R. (2010) Do international acquisitions by emerging-economy firms create shareholder value? The case of Indian firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 41: 397–418.
Harford, J. (2005) What drives merger waves? Journal of Financial Economics, 77: 529–60.
Hernando, L, Nieto, M.J. and Wall, L.D. (2009) Determinants of domestic and cross-border bank acquisitions in the European Union. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33: 1022–32.
Ietto-Gillies, G., Meschi, M. and Simonetti, R. (2000) Cross-border mergers and acquisitions, in F. Chesnais, G. Ietto-Gillies and R. Simonetti (eds) European Integration and Global Corporate Strategies. London: Routledge.
Issing, O. (2006) Globalization: Opportunities and Challenges for the World, Europe and Austria. Brussels: European Central Bank.
Kale, P., Dyer, J.H. and Singh, H. (2002) Alliance capability, stock market response, and long-term alliance success: the role of the alliance function. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 747–67.
Karim, S. and Mitchell, W. (2000) Path-dependent and path-breaking change: reconfiguring business resources following acquisitions in the US medical sector, 1978–1995. Strategic management journal, 21: 1061–81.
Kim, J.Y., Haleblian, J. and Finkelstein, S. (2011) When firms are desperate to grow via acquisition: the effect of growth patterns and acquisition experience on acquisition premiums. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56: 26–60.
Klossek, A., Linke, B.M. and Nippa, M. (2012) Chinese enterprises in Germany: establishment modes and strategies to mitigate the liability of foreignness. Journal of World Business, 47: 35–44.
Kobrin, S.J. (1979) Political risk: a review and reconsideration. Journal of International Business Studies, 10: 67–80.
Kostova, A., Roth, K. and Dacin, M.T. (2008) Note: institutional theory in the study of multinational corporations: a critique and new directions. Academy of Management Review, 33: 994–1006.
Kostova, T. and Zaheer, S. (1999) Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity: the case of the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24: 64–81.
Krishnan, R.A., Joshi, S. and Krishnan, H. (2004) The influence of mergers on firms’ product-mix strategies. Strategic Management journal, 25: 587–611.
Lang, L.H.P., Stulz, R.M. and Walkling, R.A. (1991) Atest of the free cash flow hypothesis: the case of bidder returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 29: 315–35.
MacKinlay, A. (1997) Event studies in economics and finance. Journal of Economic Literature, 35: 13–39.
Martynova, M. and Renneboog, L. (2008) A century of corporate takeovers: what have we learned and where do we stand? Journal of Banking and Finance, 32: 2148–77.
Meyer, A.D. (1982) Adapting to environmental jolts. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(4): 515–37.
Mitchell, M.L. and Mulherin, J.H. (1996) The impact of industry shocks on takeover and restructuring activity. Journal of Financial Economics, 41: 193–229.
Mitton, T. (2002) A cross-firm analysis of the impact of corporate governance on the East Asian financial crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 64: 215–41.
Mody A. andNegishi, S. (2000) The Role of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions in Asian Restructuring. Washington, DC: World Bank, July.
Moeller, S.B. and Schlingemann, F.P. (2005) Global diversification and bidder gains: a comparison between cross-border and domestic acquisitions. Journal of Banking and Finance, 29: 533–64.
Moeller, S.B., Schlingemann, F.P. and Stulz, R.M. (2004) Firm size and the gains from acquisitions. Jour nal of Financial Economics, 73: 201–228.
Myers, S.C. and Majluf, N.S. (1984) Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13: 187–221.
North, D.C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pangarkar, N. and Lie, J.R. (2004) The impact of market cycle on the performance of Singapore acquirers. Strategic Management Journal, 25: 1209–16.
Rau, P.R. and Vermaelen, T. (1998) Glamour, value and the post-acquisition performance of acquiring firms. Journal of Financial Economics, 49: 223–53.
Reinhart, CM. and Rogoff, K.S. (2009) The aftermath of financial crises. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 99: 466–72.
Roll, R. (1986) The hubris hypothesis of corporate takeovers. Journal of Business: 197–216.
Rose, A.K. and Spiegel, M.M. (2012) Cross-country causes and consequences of the 2008 crisis: early warning. Japan and the World Economy, 24: 1–16.
Schoenberg, R. (2006) Measuring the performance of corporate acquisitions: an empirical comparison of alternative metrics. British Journal of Management, 17: 361–70.
Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W. (2003) Stock market driven acquisitions. Journal of Financial Economics, 70: 295–311.
Sudarsanam, S. and Mahate, A.A. (2006) Are friendly acquisitions too bad for shareholders and managers? Long-term value creation and top management turnover in hostile and friendly acquirers. British Journal of Management, 17: S7–S30.
SG Velde, D.W., Ackah, C, Ajakaiye, O., Aryeetey E., Bhattacharya, D., Call, M., Fakiyesi, A., Fulbert, A.G., Jalilian, H. and Jemio, L.C. (2009) The Global Financial Crisis and Developing Countries. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Uhlenbruck, K. and De Castro, J.O. (2000) Foreign aquisitions in Central and Eastern Europe: outcomes of privatization in transitional economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 381–402.
UNCTAD (2009) World Investment Report: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development. New York and Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2011) World Investment Report 2011: Non-Equity Modes of Production and Development. Geneva: UNCTAD.
von Eije, H. and Wiegerinck, H. (2010) Shareholders’ reactions to announcements of acquisitions of private firms: do target and bidder markets make a difference? International Business Review, 19: 360–77.
Wan, W.P. and Yiu, D.W. (2009) From crisis to opportunity: environmental jolt, corporate acquisitions, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30: 791–801.
Williams, J. and Nguyen, N. (2005) Financial liberalization, crisis, and restructuring: a comparative study of bank performance and bank governance in South East Asia. Journal of Banking & Finance, 29: 2119–54.
Williamson, O.E. (1975) Markets and Hierarchies: Antitrust Analysis and Implications. New York: The Free Press.
Wruck, K.H. (1990) Financial distress, reorganization, and organizational efficiency. Journal of Financial Economics, 27: 419–44.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 Rekha Rao Nicholson and Julie Salaber
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nicholson, R.R., Salaber, J. (2014). The Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Performance of European Acquisitions. In: Temouri, Y., Jones, C. (eds) International Business and Institutions after the Financial Crisis. The Academy of International Business. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137367204_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137367204_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-47443-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-36720-4
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)