Abstract
Conscientious objection first entered the agenda of international human rights law following the Second World War. Today, the right to conscientious objection is recognized in Article 10(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Article 12(1) of the Ibero-American Convention on Young People’s Rights.1 Apart from these two documents, no human rights convention makes direct recognition of the right to conscientious objection. However, the right is addressed within the scope of the “freedom of thought, conscience, and religion” clauses, and has therefore been guaranteed as a universal human right under key human rights documents.2
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Notes
The three freedoms: of thought, conscience and religion are grouped together in most human rights texts. However, in the AmrCHR the freedom of thought is omitted (Articles 12 and 13). This freedom is protected with freedom of expression. For further information see E. Brems, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Article 14: The Rights to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2006), 3–5
L. M. Hammer, The International Human Right to Freedom of Conscience: Some Suggestions for Its Development and Application (Dartmouth: Ashgate, 2001), 28–71
B. G. Tahzib, Freedom of Religion or Belief Ensuring Effective International Legal Protection (The Hague/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996), 70–94
M. D. Evans, Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 194–226, 262–341.
C. Evans, Freedom of Religion under the European Convention on Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 133–167; M. D., Evans, Religious Liberty, 315–345
J. Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion: A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (Strasbourg: Human Rights Handbooks no. 9, Council of Europe, 2007), 13–16
P. M. Taylor, Freedom of Religion: UNand European Human Rights Law and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 115–338; Hammer, The International Human Right, 268.
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© 2013 Özgür Heval Çınar
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Çınar, Ö.H. (2013). Conclusion. In: Conscientious Objection to Military Service in International Human Rights Law. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137366085_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137366085_7
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