Skip to main content

Neuroeconomics: Implications for Understanding and Treating Addictive Behavior

  • Chapter
Book cover Neuroimaging and Psychosocial Addiction Treatment

Abstract

Addiction is vexing, in part, because it is robust. Indeed, most evidence-based treatments result in the majority of individuals returning to substance use either during or after treatment (Carroll et al., 1993; Hall, Havassy & Wasserman, 1991; McKay et al., 1999). One response to this state is to reclassify and treat substance dependence as chronic disorders, as suggested by Arria and McLellan (2012). This, however, does not address the central issue that addiction is robust, and our treatments generally are not.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aharonovich, E., Hasin, D. S., Brooks, A. C., Liu, X., Bisaga, A., & Nunes, E. V. (2006). ‘Cognitive deficits predict low treatment retention in cocaine dependent patients’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 313–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albein-Urios, N., Martinez-Gonzalez, J. M., Lozano-Rojas, O., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2014). ‘Executive functions in cocaine-dependent patients with Cluster B and Cluster C personality disorders’, Neuropsychology, 28, 84–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, L. F., & Petry, N. M. (2012). ‘Delay and probability discounting in pathological gamblers with and without a history of substance use problems’, Psychopharmacology, 219, 491–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arria, A. M., & McLellan, A. T. (2012). ‘Evolution of concept, but not action, in addiction treatment’, Substance Use & Misuse, 47, 1041–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baler, R. D., & Volkow, N. D. (2006). ‘Drug addiction: The neurobiology of disrupted self-control’, Trends in Molecular Medicine, 12, 559–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara, A. (2005). ‘Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective’, Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1458–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, S. J., Hanson, C. A., Puffenberger, S. S., Benninger, K. L., & Benninger, W. B. (2010). ‘A controlled trial of working memory training for children and adolescents with ADHD’, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 825–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Franck, C. T., Carrin, C., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2012). ‘Altruism in time: Social temporal discounting differentiates smokers from problem drinkers’, Psychopharmacology, 224, 109–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2011). ‘The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: Implications for etiology and treatment of addiction’, Current Psychiatry Reports, 13, 406–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T, Gatchalian, K. M., & McClure, S. M. (2012). ‘Are executive function and impulsivity antipodes? A conceptual reconstruction with special reference to addiction’, Psychopharmacology, 221, 361–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T, Koffarnus, M. N., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2012). ‘Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence’, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 134, 287–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Johnson, M. W., Koffarnus, M. N., MacKillop, J., & Murphy, J. G. (2014). ‘The behavioral economics of substance use disorders: Reinforcement pathologies and their repair’, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 641–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Jones, B. A., Landes, R. D., Christensen, D. R., Jackson, L., & Mancino, M. (2010). ‘Hypothetical intertemporal choice and real economic behavior: Delay discounting predicts voucher redemptions during contingency-management procedures’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 546–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Landes, R. D., Christensen, D. R., Jackson, L., Jones, B. A., Kurth-Nelson, Z., & Redish, A. D. (2011). ‘Single- and cross-commodity discounting among cocaine addicts: The commodity and its temporal location determine discounting rate’, Psychopharmacology, 217, 177–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., & Madden, G.J. (1999). ‘A comparison of measures of relative reinforcing efficacy and behavioral economics: Cigarettes and money in smokers’, Behavioural Pharmacology, 10, 627–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., & Marsch, L. A. (2001). ‘Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: Delay discounting processes’, Addiction, 96, 73–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Marsch, L. A., & Carroll, M. E. (2000). ‘Deconstructing relative reinforcing efficacy and situating the measures of pharmacological reinforcement with behavioral economics: A theoretical proposal’, Psychopharmacology, 153, 44–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Miller, M. L., Yi, R., Kowal, B. P., Lindquist, D. M., & Pitcock, J. A. (2007). ‘Behavioral and neuroeconomics of drug addiction: Competing neural systems and temporal discounting processes’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90S, S85–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., & Mueller, E. T. (2009). ‘Toward the study of trans-disease processes: A novel approach with special reference to the study of co-morbidity’, Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 5, 131–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Mueller, E. T, & Jarmolowicz, D. P. (2013). ‘What is addiction?’ In B. McCrady & E. Epstein (Eds.), Addictions: A comprehensive guidebook (2nd ed.). (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999). ‘Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: Delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers’, Psychopharmacology, 146, 447–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Pitcock, J. A., Yi, R., & Angtuaco, E. J. C. (2009). ‘Congruence of bold response across intertemporal choice conditions: Fictive and real money gains and losses’, Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 8839–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., & Yi, R. (2008). ‘Temporal discounting as a measure of executive function: Insights from the competing neuro-behavioral decision system hypothesis of addiction.’ In D. Houser & K. McCabe (Eds.), Neuroecononiics: Advances in health services research. (Bingley UK: Emerald Group Publishing).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., & Yi, R. (2010). ‘Neuroecononiics of addiction: The contribution of executive dysfunction.’ In D. Ross, H. Kincaid, D. Spurrett, & P. Collins (Eds.), What is addiction? (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Mueller, E. T, Jones, B. A., & Christensen, D. R. (2010). ‘The behavioral economics of drug dependence: Towards the consilience of economics and behavioral neuroscience.’ In D. W. Self & J. K. Staley (Eds.), Behavioral neuroscience of drug addiction. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bujarski, S., MacKillop, J., & Ray, L. A. (2012). ‘Understanding naltrexone mechanism of action and pharmacogenetics in Asian Americans via behavioral economics: A preliminary study’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 181–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carmona-Perera, M., Clark, L., Young, L., Perez-Garcia, M., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2014). ‘Impaired decoding of fear and disgust predicts utilitarian moral judgment in alcohol-dependent individuals’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38, 179–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, K. A., Daniel, T. O., Lin, H., & Epstein, L. H. (2011). ‘Reinforcement pathology and obesity’, Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 4, 190–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, K. M., Power, M. E., Bryant, K., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1993). ‘One-year follow-up status of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers: Psychopathology and dependence severity as predictors of outcome’, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 71–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, H. W., Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., & Hogarth, L. (2011). ‘The neural basis of drug stimulus processing and craving: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis’, Biological Psychiatry, 70, 785–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Childress, A. R., Hole, A. V., Ehrman, R. N., Robbins, S. J., McLellan, A. T., & O’Brien, C. P. (1993). ‘Cue reactivity and cue reactivity interventions in drug dependence’, NIDA Research Monograph, 137, 73–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claus, E., Kiehl, K. A., & Hutchison, K. (2011). ‘Neural and behavioral mechanisms of impulsive choice in alcohol use disorder’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(7), 1209–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003). ‘Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 18–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daglish, M. R., Weinstein, A., Malizia, A. L., Wilson, S., Melichar, J. K., Lingford-Hughes, A., … Nutt, D. J. (2003). ‘Functional connectivity analysis of the neural circuits of opiate craving: “More” rather than “different”?’, Neurolmage, 20, 1964–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, M. R., Marley J., & Jacobs, E. A. (2003). ‘Delay discounting by pathological gamblers’, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 449–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, L. H., Dearing, K. K., & Roba, L. G. (2010). ‘A questionnaire approach to measuring the relative reinforcing efficacy of snack foods’, Eating Behaviors, 11, 67–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, L. H., Salvy S. J., Carr, K. A., Dearing, K. K., & Bickel, W K. (2010). ‘Food reinforcement, delay discounting and obesity’, Physiology and Behavior, 100, 438–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, L. H., Wright, S. M., Paluch, R. A., Leddy J., Hawk Jr., L. W, Jaroni, J. L., … Lerman, C. (2004). ‘Food hedonics and reinforcement as determinants of laboratory food intake in smokers’, Physiology and Behavior, 81, 511–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evenden, J. L. (1999). ‘Varieties of impulsivity’, Psychopharmacology, 146, 348–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W (2005). ‘Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion’, Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1481–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, L. P., Bi, G. H., Zou, Z. T., Wang, Y., Ye, E. M., Ma, L., … Yang, Z. (2008). ‘Impaired response inhibition function in abstinent heroin dependents: An fMRI study’, Neuroscience Letters, 438, 322–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, O., & Koob, G. F. (2010). ‘Individual differences in prefrontal cortex function and the transition from drug use to drug dependence’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 232–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). ‘Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex’, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1642–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goriounova, N. A., & Mansvelder, H. D. (2012). ‘Nicotine exposure during adolescence leads to short- and long-term changes in spike timing-dependent plasticity in rat prefrontal cortex’, The Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 10484–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2013). ‘How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, M. K., & Hursh, S. R. (2006). ‘Behavioral economic analysis of opioid consumption in heroin-dependent individuals: Effects of unit price and presession drug supply’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85, 35–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. M., Havassy B. E., & Wasserman, D. A. (1991). ‘Effects of commitment to abstinence, positive moods, stress, and coping on relapse to cocaine use’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 526–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houben, K., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. (2011). ‘Getting a grip on drinking behavior: Training working memory to reduce alcohol abuse’, Psychological Science, 22, 968–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hursh, S. R. (1980). ‘Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 34, 219–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hursh, S. R. (2000). ‘Behavioral economic concepts and methods for studying health behavior.’ In W. K. Bickel & R. E. Vuchinich (Eds.), Reframing health behavior change with behavioral economics. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hursh, S. R., Galuska, C. M., Winger, G., & Woods, J. H. (2005). ‘The economics of drug abuse: A quantitative assessment of drug demand’, Molecular Interventions, 5, 20–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hursh, S. R., & Silberberg, A. (2008). ‘Economic demand and essential value’, Psychological Review, 115, 186–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, E. A., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). ‘Modeling drug consumption in the clinic using simulation procedures: Demand for heroin and cigarettes in opioiddependent outpatients’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 412–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N., Carter, A. E., Gatchalian, K. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2013). ‘Executive dysfunction in addiction.’ In J. MacKillop, J. & H. De Wit (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of addiction psychopharmacology. (West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarmolowicz, D. P., Reed, D. D., & Bickel, W. K. (2014). ‘Behavioral and neuro-economic approaches to addiction.’ In D. N. Allen & S. P. Woods (Eds.), Neuropsychological aspects of substance use disorders: Evidence-based perspectives. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jo, S., Kim, K. U., Lee, D., & Jung, M. W. (2013). ‘Effect of orbitofrontal cortex lesions on temporal discounting in rats’, Behavioural Brain Research, 245, 22–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. W., & Bruner, N. R. (2011). ‘The sexual discounting task: HIV risk behavior and the discounting of delayed sexual rewards in cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123, 15–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. L., Esber, G. R., McDannald, M. A., Gruber, A. J., Hernandez, A., Mirenzi, A., & Schoenbaum, G. (2012). ‘Orbitofrontal cortex supports behavior and learning using inferred but not cached values’, Science, 338, 953–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007). ‘The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice’, Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1625–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2010). ‘An “as soon as possible” effect in human intertemporal decision making: Behavioral evidence and neural mechanisms’, Journal of Neurophysiology, 103, 2513–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby K. N., Petry N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). ‘Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug using controls’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 78–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010). ‘Neurocircuitry of addiction’, Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 217–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krabbendam, L., & Aleman, A. (2003). ‘Cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia: A quantitative analysis of controlled studies’, Psychopharmacology, 169, 376–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kringelbach, M. L. (2005). ‘The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 691–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lagorio, C. H., & Madden, G. J. (2005). ‘Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards III: Steady-state assessments, forced-choice trials, and all real rewards’, Behavioural Processes, 69, 173–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landes, R. D., Christensen, D. R., & Bickel, W. K. (2012). ‘Delay discounting decreases in those completing treatment for opioid dependence’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 302–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Elman, I., Busch-Winokur, S., Pratiwadi, R., Loughead, J., … Childress, A. R. (2008). ‘Acute effect of methadone maintenance dose on brain fMRI response to heroin-related cues’, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 390–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C. S., & Sinha, R. (2008). ‘Inhibitory control and emotional stress regulation: Neuroimaging evidence for frontal-limbic dysfunction in psycho-stimulant addiction’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 581–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Liang, J., Qin, W., Tian, J., Yuan, K., Bai, L., … Gold, M. S. (2009). ‘Dysfunctional connectivity patterns in chronic heroin users: An fMRI study’, Neuroscience Letters, 460, 72–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Qin, W., Yuan, K., Li, J., Wang, W, Li, Q., … Tian, J. (2011). ‘Interaction between dysfunctional connectivity at rest and heroin cues-induced brain responses in male abstinent heroin-dependent individuals’, PloS One, 6, e23098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macey D. J., Rice, W. N., Freedland, C. S., Whitlow, C. T., & Porrino, L.J. (2004). ‘Patterns of functional activity associated with cocaine self-administration in the rat change over time’, Psychopharmacology, 172, 384–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Acker, J., Gray, J. C., Brown, C. L., Murphy, J. G., … Sweet, L. H. (2014). ‘The neuroeconomics of alcohol demand: An initial investigation of the neural correlates of alcohol cost-benefit decision making in heavy drinking men’, Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 1988–95.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T, Sweet, L. H., Acker, J., & Brown, C. L. (2011). ‘The neuroconomics of alcohol demand: Initial findings’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35, 24a.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKillop, J., & Kahler, C. W. (2009). ‘Delayed reward discounting predicts treatment response for heavy drinkers receiving smoking cessation treatment’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 104, 197–203.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MacKillop, J., Miranda, R. M., Monti, P. M., Swift, R. M., Murphy, J. G., & Rohsenow, D. J. (2008). ‘Short-term test-retest reliability of a behavioral economic alcohol purchase task’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madden, G. J. (2008). ‘Ammunition for fighting a demand-side war on drugs’, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 645–51.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, G. J., Petry, N. M., Badger, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (1997). ‘Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants: Drug and monetary rewards’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 256–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, S. M., Ericson, K. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2007). ‘Time discounting for primary rewards’, The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 5796–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). ‘Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards’, Science, 306, 503–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, J. R., Alterman, A. I., Rutherford, M. J., Cacciola, J. S., & McLellan, A. T. (1999). ‘The relationship of alcohol use to cocaine relapse in cocaine dependent patients in an aftercare study’, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 176–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLellan, A. T, Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E., & O’Brien, C. P. (1980). ‘An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients: The Addiction Severity Index’, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 26–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meade, C. S., Lowen, S. B., MacLean, R. R., Key, M. D., & Lukas, S. E. (2011). ‘fMRI brain activation during a delay discounting task in HIV-positive adults with and without cocaine dependence’, Psychiatry Research, 192, 167–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. (1966). ‘Theory and research on the antecedents of self-imposed delay of reward’, Progress in Experimental Personality Research, 3, 85–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. I. (1989). ‘Delay of gratification in children’, Science, 244, 933–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S. H. (2004). ‘Effects of short-term nicotine deprivation on decisionmaking: Delay, uncertainty, and effort discounting’, Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 819–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monterosso, J. R., Ainslie, G., Xu, J., Cordova, X., Domier, C. P., & London, E. D. (2007). ‘Frontoparietal cortical activity of methamphetamine-dependent and comparison subjects performing a delay discounting task’, Human Brain Mapping, 28, 383–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. G., & MacKillop, J. (2006). ‘Relative reinforcing efficacy of alcohol among college student drinkers’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 219–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, J., & Buchel, C. (2009). ‘Overlapping and distinct neural systems code for subjective value during intertemporal and risky decision making’, The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 15727–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petry N. M. (2001a). ‘Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls’, Psychopharmacology, 154, 243–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petry, N. M. (2001b). ‘Pathological gamblers, with and without substance use disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates’, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 482–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1998). ‘Polydrug abuse in heroin addicts: A behavioral economic analysis’, Addiction, 93, 321–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porrino, L. J., & Lyons, D. (2000). ‘Orbital and medial prelrontal cortex and psychostimulant abuse: Studies in animal models’, Cerebral Cortex, 10, 326–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., & Cross, D. (1991). ‘Subjective probability and delay’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 233–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, E. B., Lawyer, S. R., & Reilly W. (2010). ‘Percent body fat is related to delay and probability discounting for food in humans’. Behavioural Processes, 83, 23–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redish, A. D., & Johnson, A. (2007). ‘A computational model of craving and obsession’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1104, 324–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. B., Zhang, L., Mitchell, S. H., & de Wit, H. (1999). ‘Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: Effect of alcohol’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71, 121–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). ‘The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction’, Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. (New York, NY: Prentice-Hall).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenbaum, G., & Esber, G. R. (2010). ‘How do you (estimate you will) like them apples? Integration as a defining trait of orbitofrontal fimction’, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20, 205–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • See, R. E. (2005). ‘The neuropsychopharmacology of aggression and addiction: Neural substrates of cocaine-cue associations that trigger relapse’, European Journal of Pharmacology, 526, 140–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shead, N. W., & Hodgins, D. C. (2009). ‘Probability discounting of gains and losses: Implications for risk attitudes and impulsivity’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 92, 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffer, C. E., MacKillop, J., McGeary J., Landes, R. D., Carter, L., Yi, R., … & Bickel, W. K. (2012). ‘Delay discounting, locus of control, and cognitive impulsiveness independently predict tobacco dependence treatment outcomes in a highly dependent, lower socioeconomic group of smokers’, American Journal on Addictions, 21, 221–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stanger, C., Ryan, S. R., Fu, H., Landes, R. D., Jones, B. A., Bickel, W. K., & Budney A. J. (2012). ‘Delay discounting predicts adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 205–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, L., Betanzos-Espinosa, P., Crunelle, C. L., Vergara-Moragues, E., Roeyers, H., Lozano, O., … Perez-Garcia, M. (2013). ‘Disadvantageous decision-making as a predictor of drop-out among cocaine-dependent individuals in long-term residential treatment’, Front Psychiatry, 4, 149.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, R. (1981). ‘Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency’, Economic Letters, 8, 201–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twamley, E. W., Jeste, D. V., & Bellack, A. S. (2003). ‘A review of cognitive training in schizophrenia’, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 359–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vergara-Moragues, E., Gonzalez-Saiz, F., Lozano, O. M., & Verdejo Garcia, A. (2013). ‘Psychopathological stability of personality disorders in substance abuse patients treated in a therapeutic community’, Journal of Addictive Diseases, 32, 343–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow, N. D., & Fowler, J. S. (2000). ‘Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex’, Cerebral Cortex, 10, 318–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (2003). ‘The addicted human brain: Insights from imaging studies’, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111, 1444–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (2004). ‘The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: Brain circuits and treatment strategies’, Neuropharmacology, 47, 3–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vuchinich, R. E., & Simpson, C. A. (1998). ‘Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 292–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Washio, Y., Higgins, S. T., Heil, S. H., McKerchar, T. L., Badger, G. J., Skelly J. M., & Dantona, R. L. (2011). ‘Delay discounting is associated with treatment response among cocaine-dependent outpatients’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 243–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, B. J., & Huettel, S. A. (2008). ‘The neural substrates of probabilistic and intertemporal decision making’, Brain Research, 1234, 104–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, R. E., Cook III, E. W., Avsar, K. B., & Cox, J. E. (2008). ‘Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women’, Appetite, 51, 563–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, M. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2014). ‘Remember the future II: Meta-analyses and functional overlap of working memory and delay discounting’. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 435–48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Westerberg, H., Jacobaeus, H., Hirvikoski, T, Clevberger, P., Osternsson, M., Bartfai, A., & Klingberg, T. (2007). ‘Computerized working memory training after stroke — a pilot study’, Brain Injury, 21, 21–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, L., Liang, Z. Y, Wang, K., Li, S., & Jiang, T. (2009). ‘Neural mechanism of intertemporal choice: From discounting future gains to future losses’, Brain Research, 1261, 65–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yi, R., Johnson, M. W., Giordano, L. A., Landes, R. D., Badger, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2008). ‘The effects of reduced cigarette smoking on discounting future rewards: An initial evaluation’, The Psychological Record, 58, 163–74.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yi, R., & Landes, R. D. (2012). ‘Temporal and probability discounting by cigarette smokers following acute smoking abstinence’, Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 14, 547–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 David P. Jarmolowicz, Derek D. Reed, and Warren K. Bickel

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jarmolowicz, D.P., Reed, D.D., Bickel, W.K. (2015). Neuroeconomics: Implications for Understanding and Treating Addictive Behavior. In: Ewing, S.W.F., Witkiewitz, K., Filbey, F.M. (eds) Neuroimaging and Psychosocial Addiction Treatment. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137362650_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics