Abstract
Addiction is vexing, in part, because it is robust. Indeed, most evidence-based treatments result in the majority of individuals returning to substance use either during or after treatment (Carroll et al., 1993; Hall, Havassy & Wasserman, 1991; McKay et al., 1999). One response to this state is to reclassify and treat substance dependence as chronic disorders, as suggested by Arria and McLellan (2012). This, however, does not address the central issue that addiction is robust, and our treatments generally are not.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aharonovich, E., Hasin, D. S., Brooks, A. C., Liu, X., Bisaga, A., & Nunes, E. V. (2006). ‘Cognitive deficits predict low treatment retention in cocaine dependent patients’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 313–22.
Albein-Urios, N., Martinez-Gonzalez, J. M., Lozano-Rojas, O., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2014). ‘Executive functions in cocaine-dependent patients with Cluster B and Cluster C personality disorders’, Neuropsychology, 28, 84–90.
Andrade, L. F., & Petry, N. M. (2012). ‘Delay and probability discounting in pathological gamblers with and without a history of substance use problems’, Psychopharmacology, 219, 491–9.
Arria, A. M., & McLellan, A. T. (2012). ‘Evolution of concept, but not action, in addiction treatment’, Substance Use & Misuse, 47, 1041–8.
Baler, R. D., & Volkow, N. D. (2006). ‘Drug addiction: The neurobiology of disrupted self-control’, Trends in Molecular Medicine, 12, 559–66.
Bechara, A. (2005). ‘Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective’, Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1458–63.
Beck, S. J., Hanson, C. A., Puffenberger, S. S., Benninger, K. L., & Benninger, W. B. (2010). ‘A controlled trial of working memory training for children and adolescents with ADHD’, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 825–36.
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Franck, C. T., Carrin, C., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2012). ‘Altruism in time: Social temporal discounting differentiates smokers from problem drinkers’, Psychopharmacology, 224, 109–20.
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2011). ‘The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: Implications for etiology and treatment of addiction’, Current Psychiatry Reports, 13, 406–15.
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T, Gatchalian, K. M., & McClure, S. M. (2012). ‘Are executive function and impulsivity antipodes? A conceptual reconstruction with special reference to addiction’, Psychopharmacology, 221, 361–87.
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T, Koffarnus, M. N., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2012). ‘Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence’, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 134, 287–97.
Bickel, W. K., Johnson, M. W., Koffarnus, M. N., MacKillop, J., & Murphy, J. G. (2014). ‘The behavioral economics of substance use disorders: Reinforcement pathologies and their repair’, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 641–77.
Bickel, W. K., Jones, B. A., Landes, R. D., Christensen, D. R., Jackson, L., & Mancino, M. (2010). ‘Hypothetical intertemporal choice and real economic behavior: Delay discounting predicts voucher redemptions during contingency-management procedures’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 546–52.
Bickel, W. K., Landes, R. D., Christensen, D. R., Jackson, L., Jones, B. A., Kurth-Nelson, Z., & Redish, A. D. (2011). ‘Single- and cross-commodity discounting among cocaine addicts: The commodity and its temporal location determine discounting rate’, Psychopharmacology, 217, 177–87.
Bickel, W. K., & Madden, G.J. (1999). ‘A comparison of measures of relative reinforcing efficacy and behavioral economics: Cigarettes and money in smokers’, Behavioural Pharmacology, 10, 627–37.
Bickel, W. K., & Marsch, L. A. (2001). ‘Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: Delay discounting processes’, Addiction, 96, 73–86.
Bickel, W. K., Marsch, L. A., & Carroll, M. E. (2000). ‘Deconstructing relative reinforcing efficacy and situating the measures of pharmacological reinforcement with behavioral economics: A theoretical proposal’, Psychopharmacology, 153, 44–56.
Bickel, W. K., Miller, M. L., Yi, R., Kowal, B. P., Lindquist, D. M., & Pitcock, J. A. (2007). ‘Behavioral and neuroeconomics of drug addiction: Competing neural systems and temporal discounting processes’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90S, S85–91.
Bickel, W. K., & Mueller, E. T. (2009). ‘Toward the study of trans-disease processes: A novel approach with special reference to the study of co-morbidity’, Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 5, 131–8.
Bickel, W. K., Mueller, E. T, & Jarmolowicz, D. P. (2013). ‘What is addiction?’ In B. McCrady & E. Epstein (Eds.), Addictions: A comprehensive guidebook (2nd ed.). (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).
Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999). ‘Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: Delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers’, Psychopharmacology, 146, 447–54.
Bickel, W. K., Pitcock, J. A., Yi, R., & Angtuaco, E. J. C. (2009). ‘Congruence of bold response across intertemporal choice conditions: Fictive and real money gains and losses’, Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 8839–46.
Bickel, W. K., & Yi, R. (2008). ‘Temporal discounting as a measure of executive function: Insights from the competing neuro-behavioral decision system hypothesis of addiction.’ In D. Houser & K. McCabe (Eds.), Neuroecononiics: Advances in health services research. (Bingley UK: Emerald Group Publishing).
Bickel, W. K., & Yi, R. (2010). ‘Neuroecononiics of addiction: The contribution of executive dysfunction.’ In D. Ross, H. Kincaid, D. Spurrett, & P. Collins (Eds.), What is addiction? (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press).
Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Mueller, E. T, Jones, B. A., & Christensen, D. R. (2010). ‘The behavioral economics of drug dependence: Towards the consilience of economics and behavioral neuroscience.’ In D. W. Self & J. K. Staley (Eds.), Behavioral neuroscience of drug addiction. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).
Bujarski, S., MacKillop, J., & Ray, L. A. (2012). ‘Understanding naltrexone mechanism of action and pharmacogenetics in Asian Americans via behavioral economics: A preliminary study’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 181–90.
Carmona-Perera, M., Clark, L., Young, L., Perez-Garcia, M., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2014). ‘Impaired decoding of fear and disgust predicts utilitarian moral judgment in alcohol-dependent individuals’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38, 179–85.
Carr, K. A., Daniel, T. O., Lin, H., & Epstein, L. H. (2011). ‘Reinforcement pathology and obesity’, Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 4, 190–6.
Carroll, K. M., Power, M. E., Bryant, K., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1993). ‘One-year follow-up status of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers: Psychopathology and dependence severity as predictors of outcome’, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 71–9.
Chase, H. W., Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., & Hogarth, L. (2011). ‘The neural basis of drug stimulus processing and craving: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis’, Biological Psychiatry, 70, 785–93.
Childress, A. R., Hole, A. V., Ehrman, R. N., Robbins, S. J., McLellan, A. T., & O’Brien, C. P. (1993). ‘Cue reactivity and cue reactivity interventions in drug dependence’, NIDA Research Monograph, 137, 73–95.
Claus, E., Kiehl, K. A., & Hutchison, K. (2011). ‘Neural and behavioral mechanisms of impulsive choice in alcohol use disorder’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(7), 1209–19.
Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003). ‘Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 18–25.
Daglish, M. R., Weinstein, A., Malizia, A. L., Wilson, S., Melichar, J. K., Lingford-Hughes, A., … Nutt, D. J. (2003). ‘Functional connectivity analysis of the neural circuits of opiate craving: “More” rather than “different”?’, Neurolmage, 20, 1964–70.
Dixon, M. R., Marley J., & Jacobs, E. A. (2003). ‘Delay discounting by pathological gamblers’, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 449–58.
Epstein, L. H., Dearing, K. K., & Roba, L. G. (2010). ‘A questionnaire approach to measuring the relative reinforcing efficacy of snack foods’, Eating Behaviors, 11, 67–73.
Epstein, L. H., Salvy S. J., Carr, K. A., Dearing, K. K., & Bickel, W K. (2010). ‘Food reinforcement, delay discounting and obesity’, Physiology and Behavior, 100, 438–45.
Epstein, L. H., Wright, S. M., Paluch, R. A., Leddy J., Hawk Jr., L. W, Jaroni, J. L., … Lerman, C. (2004). ‘Food hedonics and reinforcement as determinants of laboratory food intake in smokers’, Physiology and Behavior, 81, 511–17.
Evenden, J. L. (1999). ‘Varieties of impulsivity’, Psychopharmacology, 146, 348–61.
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W (2005). ‘Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion’, Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1481–9.
Fu, L. P., Bi, G. H., Zou, Z. T., Wang, Y., Ye, E. M., Ma, L., … Yang, Z. (2008). ‘Impaired response inhibition function in abstinent heroin dependents: An fMRI study’, Neuroscience Letters, 438, 322–6.
George, O., & Koob, G. F. (2010). ‘Individual differences in prefrontal cortex function and the transition from drug use to drug dependence’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 232–47.
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). ‘Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex’, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1642–52.
Goriounova, N. A., & Mansvelder, H. D. (2012). ‘Nicotine exposure during adolescence leads to short- and long-term changes in spike timing-dependent plasticity in rat prefrontal cortex’, The Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 10484–93.
Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2013). ‘How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13.
Greenwald, M. K., & Hursh, S. R. (2006). ‘Behavioral economic analysis of opioid consumption in heroin-dependent individuals: Effects of unit price and presession drug supply’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85, 35–48.
Hall, S. M., Havassy B. E., & Wasserman, D. A. (1991). ‘Effects of commitment to abstinence, positive moods, stress, and coping on relapse to cocaine use’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 526–32.
Houben, K., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. (2011). ‘Getting a grip on drinking behavior: Training working memory to reduce alcohol abuse’, Psychological Science, 22, 968–75.
Hursh, S. R. (1980). ‘Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 34, 219–38.
Hursh, S. R. (2000). ‘Behavioral economic concepts and methods for studying health behavior.’ In W. K. Bickel & R. E. Vuchinich (Eds.), Reframing health behavior change with behavioral economics. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates).
Hursh, S. R., Galuska, C. M., Winger, G., & Woods, J. H. (2005). ‘The economics of drug abuse: A quantitative assessment of drug demand’, Molecular Interventions, 5, 20–8.
Hursh, S. R., & Silberberg, A. (2008). ‘Economic demand and essential value’, Psychological Review, 115, 186–98.
Jacobs, E. A., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). ‘Modeling drug consumption in the clinic using simulation procedures: Demand for heroin and cigarettes in opioiddependent outpatients’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 412–26.
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N., Carter, A. E., Gatchalian, K. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2013). ‘Executive dysfunction in addiction.’ In J. MacKillop, J. & H. De Wit (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of addiction psychopharmacology. (West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Reed, D. D., & Bickel, W. K. (2014). ‘Behavioral and neuro-economic approaches to addiction.’ In D. N. Allen & S. P. Woods (Eds.), Neuropsychological aspects of substance use disorders: Evidence-based perspectives. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).
Jo, S., Kim, K. U., Lee, D., & Jung, M. W. (2013). ‘Effect of orbitofrontal cortex lesions on temporal discounting in rats’, Behavioural Brain Research, 245, 22–8.
Johnson, M. W., & Bruner, N. R. (2011). ‘The sexual discounting task: HIV risk behavior and the discounting of delayed sexual rewards in cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123, 15–21.
Jones, J. L., Esber, G. R., McDannald, M. A., Gruber, A. J., Hernandez, A., Mirenzi, A., & Schoenbaum, G. (2012). ‘Orbitofrontal cortex supports behavior and learning using inferred but not cached values’, Science, 338, 953–6.
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007). ‘The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice’, Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1625–33.
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2010). ‘An “as soon as possible” effect in human intertemporal decision making: Behavioral evidence and neural mechanisms’, Journal of Neurophysiology, 103, 2513–31.
Kirby K. N., Petry N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). ‘Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug using controls’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 78–87.
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010). ‘Neurocircuitry of addiction’, Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 217–38.
Krabbendam, L., & Aleman, A. (2003). ‘Cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia: A quantitative analysis of controlled studies’, Psychopharmacology, 169, 376–82.
Kringelbach, M. L. (2005). ‘The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 691–702.
Lagorio, C. H., & Madden, G. J. (2005). ‘Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards III: Steady-state assessments, forced-choice trials, and all real rewards’, Behavioural Processes, 69, 173–87.
Landes, R. D., Christensen, D. R., & Bickel, W. K. (2012). ‘Delay discounting decreases in those completing treatment for opioid dependence’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 302–9.
Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Elman, I., Busch-Winokur, S., Pratiwadi, R., Loughead, J., … Childress, A. R. (2008). ‘Acute effect of methadone maintenance dose on brain fMRI response to heroin-related cues’, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 390–4.
Li, C. S., & Sinha, R. (2008). ‘Inhibitory control and emotional stress regulation: Neuroimaging evidence for frontal-limbic dysfunction in psycho-stimulant addiction’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 581–97.
Liu, J., Liang, J., Qin, W., Tian, J., Yuan, K., Bai, L., … Gold, M. S. (2009). ‘Dysfunctional connectivity patterns in chronic heroin users: An fMRI study’, Neuroscience Letters, 460, 72–7.
Liu, J., Qin, W., Yuan, K., Li, J., Wang, W, Li, Q., … Tian, J. (2011). ‘Interaction between dysfunctional connectivity at rest and heroin cues-induced brain responses in male abstinent heroin-dependent individuals’, PloS One, 6, e23098.
Macey D. J., Rice, W. N., Freedland, C. S., Whitlow, C. T., & Porrino, L.J. (2004). ‘Patterns of functional activity associated with cocaine self-administration in the rat change over time’, Psychopharmacology, 172, 384–92.
MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Acker, J., Gray, J. C., Brown, C. L., Murphy, J. G., … Sweet, L. H. (2014). ‘The neuroeconomics of alcohol demand: An initial investigation of the neural correlates of alcohol cost-benefit decision making in heavy drinking men’, Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 1988–95.
MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T, Sweet, L. H., Acker, J., & Brown, C. L. (2011). ‘The neuroconomics of alcohol demand: Initial findings’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35, 24a.
MacKillop, J., & Kahler, C. W. (2009). ‘Delayed reward discounting predicts treatment response for heavy drinkers receiving smoking cessation treatment’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 104, 197–203.
MacKillop, J., Miranda, R. M., Monti, P. M., Swift, R. M., Murphy, J. G., & Rohsenow, D. J. (2008). ‘Short-term test-retest reliability of a behavioral economic alcohol purchase task’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32.
Madden, G. J. (2008). ‘Ammunition for fighting a demand-side war on drugs’, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 645–51.
Madden, G. J., Petry, N. M., Badger, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (1997). ‘Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants: Drug and monetary rewards’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 256–62.
McClure, S. M., Ericson, K. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2007). ‘Time discounting for primary rewards’, The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 5796–804.
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). ‘Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards’, Science, 306, 503–7.
McKay, J. R., Alterman, A. I., Rutherford, M. J., Cacciola, J. S., & McLellan, A. T. (1999). ‘The relationship of alcohol use to cocaine relapse in cocaine dependent patients in an aftercare study’, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 176–80.
McLellan, A. T, Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E., & O’Brien, C. P. (1980). ‘An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients: The Addiction Severity Index’, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 26–33.
Meade, C. S., Lowen, S. B., MacLean, R. R., Key, M. D., & Lukas, S. E. (2011). ‘fMRI brain activation during a delay discounting task in HIV-positive adults with and without cocaine dependence’, Psychiatry Research, 192, 167–75.
Mischel, W. (1966). ‘Theory and research on the antecedents of self-imposed delay of reward’, Progress in Experimental Personality Research, 3, 85–132.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. I. (1989). ‘Delay of gratification in children’, Science, 244, 933–8.
Mitchell, S. H. (2004). ‘Effects of short-term nicotine deprivation on decisionmaking: Delay, uncertainty, and effort discounting’, Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 819–28.
Monterosso, J. R., Ainslie, G., Xu, J., Cordova, X., Domier, C. P., & London, E. D. (2007). ‘Frontoparietal cortical activity of methamphetamine-dependent and comparison subjects performing a delay discounting task’, Human Brain Mapping, 28, 383–93.
Murphy, J. G., & MacKillop, J. (2006). ‘Relative reinforcing efficacy of alcohol among college student drinkers’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 219–27.
Peters, J., & Buchel, C. (2009). ‘Overlapping and distinct neural systems code for subjective value during intertemporal and risky decision making’, The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 15727–34.
Petry N. M. (2001a). ‘Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls’, Psychopharmacology, 154, 243–50.
Petry, N. M. (2001b). ‘Pathological gamblers, with and without substance use disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates’, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 482–7.
Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1998). ‘Polydrug abuse in heroin addicts: A behavioral economic analysis’, Addiction, 93, 321–35.
Porrino, L. J., & Lyons, D. (2000). ‘Orbital and medial prelrontal cortex and psychostimulant abuse: Studies in animal models’, Cerebral Cortex, 10, 326–33.
Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., & Cross, D. (1991). ‘Subjective probability and delay’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 233–44.
Rasmussen, E. B., Lawyer, S. R., & Reilly W. (2010). ‘Percent body fat is related to delay and probability discounting for food in humans’. Behavioural Processes, 83, 23–30.
Redish, A. D., & Johnson, A. (2007). ‘A computational model of craving and obsession’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1104, 324–39.
Richards, J. B., Zhang, L., Mitchell, S. H., & de Wit, H. (1999). ‘Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: Effect of alcohol’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71, 121–43.
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). ‘The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction’, Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247–91.
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. (New York, NY: Prentice-Hall).
Schoenbaum, G., & Esber, G. R. (2010). ‘How do you (estimate you will) like them apples? Integration as a defining trait of orbitofrontal fimction’, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20, 205–11.
See, R. E. (2005). ‘The neuropsychopharmacology of aggression and addiction: Neural substrates of cocaine-cue associations that trigger relapse’, European Journal of Pharmacology, 526, 140–6.
Shead, N. W., & Hodgins, D. C. (2009). ‘Probability discounting of gains and losses: Implications for risk attitudes and impulsivity’, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 92, 1–16.
Sheffer, C. E., MacKillop, J., McGeary J., Landes, R. D., Carter, L., Yi, R., … & Bickel, W. K. (2012). ‘Delay discounting, locus of control, and cognitive impulsiveness independently predict tobacco dependence treatment outcomes in a highly dependent, lower socioeconomic group of smokers’, American Journal on Addictions, 21, 221–32.
Stanger, C., Ryan, S. R., Fu, H., Landes, R. D., Jones, B. A., Bickel, W. K., & Budney A. J. (2012). ‘Delay discounting predicts adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 205–12.
Stevens, L., Betanzos-Espinosa, P., Crunelle, C. L., Vergara-Moragues, E., Roeyers, H., Lozano, O., … Perez-Garcia, M. (2013). ‘Disadvantageous decision-making as a predictor of drop-out among cocaine-dependent individuals in long-term residential treatment’, Front Psychiatry, 4, 149.
Thaler, R. (1981). ‘Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency’, Economic Letters, 8, 201–7.
Twamley, E. W., Jeste, D. V., & Bellack, A. S. (2003). ‘A review of cognitive training in schizophrenia’, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 359–82.
Vergara-Moragues, E., Gonzalez-Saiz, F., Lozano, O. M., & Verdejo Garcia, A. (2013). ‘Psychopathological stability of personality disorders in substance abuse patients treated in a therapeutic community’, Journal of Addictive Diseases, 32, 343–53.
Volkow, N. D., & Fowler, J. S. (2000). ‘Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex’, Cerebral Cortex, 10, 318–25.
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (2003). ‘The addicted human brain: Insights from imaging studies’, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111, 1444–51.
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (2004). ‘The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: Brain circuits and treatment strategies’, Neuropharmacology, 47, 3–13.
Vuchinich, R. E., & Simpson, C. A. (1998). ‘Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 292–305.
Washio, Y., Higgins, S. T., Heil, S. H., McKerchar, T. L., Badger, G. J., Skelly J. M., & Dantona, R. L. (2011). ‘Delay discounting is associated with treatment response among cocaine-dependent outpatients’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 243–8.
Weber, B. J., & Huettel, S. A. (2008). ‘The neural substrates of probabilistic and intertemporal decision making’, Brain Research, 1234, 104–15.
Weiler, R. E., Cook III, E. W., Avsar, K. B., & Cox, J. E. (2008). ‘Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women’, Appetite, 51, 563–9.
Wesley, M. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2014). ‘Remember the future II: Meta-analyses and functional overlap of working memory and delay discounting’. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 435–48.
Westerberg, H., Jacobaeus, H., Hirvikoski, T, Clevberger, P., Osternsson, M., Bartfai, A., & Klingberg, T. (2007). ‘Computerized working memory training after stroke — a pilot study’, Brain Injury, 21, 21–9.
Xu, L., Liang, Z. Y, Wang, K., Li, S., & Jiang, T. (2009). ‘Neural mechanism of intertemporal choice: From discounting future gains to future losses’, Brain Research, 1261, 65–74.
Yi, R., Johnson, M. W., Giordano, L. A., Landes, R. D., Badger, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2008). ‘The effects of reduced cigarette smoking on discounting future rewards: An initial evaluation’, The Psychological Record, 58, 163–74.
Yi, R., & Landes, R. D. (2012). ‘Temporal and probability discounting by cigarette smokers following acute smoking abstinence’, Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 14, 547–58.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2015 David P. Jarmolowicz, Derek D. Reed, and Warren K. Bickel
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jarmolowicz, D.P., Reed, D.D., Bickel, W.K. (2015). Neuroeconomics: Implications for Understanding and Treating Addictive Behavior. In: Ewing, S.W.F., Witkiewitz, K., Filbey, F.M. (eds) Neuroimaging and Psychosocial Addiction Treatment. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137362650_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137362650_10
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-56759-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-36265-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)