Abstract
At the end of the Second World War, the atom bomb placed into doubt the utility of land forces in future wars. Yet throughout the Cold War the superpowers and their allies maintained mass armies as well as nuclear arsenals, and today’s wars still appear to require armed forces that combine technology, individual skill and mass despite the promises of a second revolution in military affairs based on information technology. How much did nuclear weapons and concepts of deterrence and of limited war change the understanding of warfare within armies in the western world? Did the Cold War represent a transition from heroic to post-heroic wars, the latter characterized by conflict management and casualty aversion?1 Following the closing argument of John Keegan’s landmark study The Face of Battle, we might say that heroic understandings of battle died in the world wars of the twentieth century.2 But can the same be said about an institutional vision of war? It is worth considering that while managerial concepts of deterrence governed military policies of the great powers, more heroic notions of warfare survived in the ‘small wars’ of the Cold War era. This essay discusses the political, strategic and institutional visions of war and of deterrence in the US army as an example for coping with war in the nuclear age. It shows how the army found its place in that brave new world.
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Notes
Edward N. Luttwak, ‘Toward Post-Heroic Warfare’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 74/3 (1995): 109–22
John Keegan, The Face of Battle (London: Jonathan Cape, 1976).
Peter H. Wilson, ‘Defining Military Culture’, Journal of Military History, vol. 72/1 (2008): 11–41.
Rupert Smith, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, 2005)
For a narrative that draws on these themes see Sebastian Junger, War (New York: Twelve, 2010).
John A. Lynn, Battle: A History of Combat and Culture (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003), p. 323.
Ingo Trauschweizer, The Cold War US Army: Building Deterrence for Limited War (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2008), p. 241.
Brian M. Linn, The Echo of Battle: The Army’s Way of War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).
Matthew B. Ridgway, Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956).
Cited in John C. McManus, Grunts: Inside the American Infantry Combat Experience, World War II through Iraq (New York: NAL Caliber, 2010), p. 6.
Maxwell Taylor, The Uncertain Trumpet (New York: Harper Brothers, 1959)
For this mindset at work in Vietnam see Bernd Greiner, War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 116–19.
Christopher K. Ives, US Special Forces and Counterinsurgency in Vietnam: Military Innovation and Institutional Failure, 1961–1963 (London: Routledge, 2007).
Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr, The Army and Vietnam (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
Mark Moyar, A Question of Command: Counterinsurgency from the Civil War to Iraq (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).
Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
Peter S. Kindsvatter, American Soldiers: Ground Combat in the World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2003).
Kyle Longley Grunts: The American Combat Soldier in Vietnam (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2008).
Shimon Naveh, In Pursuit of Military Excellence: The Evolution of Operational Theory (London: Frank Cass, 1997), p. 263.
Beth Bailey, America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009)
Christopher Coker, Waging War without Warriors? The Changing Culture of Military Conflict (Boulder, CO: Lynne Riener, 2002)
Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005)
Michael S. Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995).
Roger R. Reese, Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer Corps, 1918—1991 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 1.
Richard W. Harrison, The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904—1940 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001).
Jonathan House, Combined Arms Warfare in the Twentieth Century (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001), pp. 191–6.
Joseph Maiolo, Cry Havoc: How the Arms Race Drove the World to War, 1931–1941 (New York: Basic Books, 2010), p. 7.
Mao Tse-tung, On Guerrilla Warfare, trans. Samuel G. Griffith II (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
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© 2014 Ingo Trauschweizer
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Trauschweizer, I. (2014). Mass Armies and the Cold War: Institutional Post-Heroism?. In: Scheipers, S. (eds) Heroism and the Changing Character of War. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137362537_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137362537_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-47270-3
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