Abstract
In 1921, “the Four Marx Brothers and Company” presented a “musical revuette” titled On the Balcony.1 The theatrical poster billed the show as “the comedy hit of the age; quaint characterization; humorous episodes; every type of vaudeville talent.” The opening scene, simply called the “The Theatrical Agency,” features the four brothers trying to persuade an agent to hire them for his latest vaudeville show. The scene was repeated for a film trailer with this added exchange featuring Groucho Marx: Speaking in a heavy Russian accent, Groucho entreats the theatrical manager with, “I vant to play a dramatic part, the kind that toucha a woman’s heart, to make her cry for me to die.” Chico Marx, portraying his now-iconic Italian-immigrant peasant character, cuts Groucho off in accented English: “Did you ever get hit with a cocoanuts [sic] pie?” Groucho, dropping character and his accent, turns to the camera and says, “There’s my argument. Restrict immigration.”2 The seemingly absurd commentary on immigration inserted into a vaudeville scene—later re-created for the trailer of their 1931 Hollywood film Monkey Business —speaks to vaudeville comedians’ ability to comment directly on their status as ethnic immigrants, and to the xenophobia that attended Americanization during the early twentieth century.
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Notes
Henry Cabot Lodge, “The Restriction of Immigration,” North American Review 152 (1891): 32, 35.
Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 111.
E. A. Ross, Sin and Society: An Analysis of Latter-Day Iniquity (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907), 45.
Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1909), xiv.
Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (New York: Macmillan, 1922), 79–81.
Walter Lippmann, Drift and Mastery: An Attempt to Diagnose the Current Unrest (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914), 250.
Sigmund Freud, Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious , trans. James Strachey (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1960 [1905]).
Gertrude Stein, “Portraits and Repetition,” in Writing and Lectures, 1911–1945, ed. Patricia Meyerowitz (London: Owen, 1967), 98–9.
Stuart Hall, “Notes on Deconstructing ‘the Popular,’” in People’s History and Socialist Theory, ed. Raphael Samuel (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981), 227.
Jane Addams, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (New York: Macmillan, 1909), 18–19.
Elizabeth Israels Perry, Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics and the Exercise of Power in the Age of Alfred E. Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 41–57.
Michael M. Davis, The Exploitation of Pleasure: A Study of Commercial Recreations in New York City (New York: The Russell Sage Foundation, 1912), 33, 36.
R. L. Duffus, Lillian Wald: Neighbor and Crusader (New York: Macmillan, 1939), 147.
Peter Roberts, The New Immigration (New York: Macmillan, 1913), 306–7.
Ibid.; Frances Kellor and Joseph Mayper, Recommendations for a Federal Bureau of Distribution Department of Labor (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1914).
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© 2014 Rick DesRochers
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DesRochers, R. (2014). Americanization: Progressive-Era Reformers, Cultural Critics, and Popular Comic Entertainments. In: The New Humor in the Progressive Era. Palgrave Studies in Theatre and Performance History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137357182_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137357182_1
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