Abstract
Given the use of religious, theological, and biblical materials upon categories of gender, sexuality, and embodiment that constrain and cut (physically and psychically) those with ostensibly ambiguous bodies, what should scholars of religion and the Bible do for the best? I contend that those interested and invested in religious materials should attend to feminist and queer perspectives on authoritative discourses, in order to trace what can be done in solidarity with and as people with intersex conditions. The purpose of this move is not to “speak for them” or to subsume (further) biblical authority for ourselves, but rather to recognize that certain feminist and queer resources have already been helpful for intersex advocacy.1 To extend such efforts with biblical images, ideas, and arguments requires staging new conversations between feminist and queer biblical studies and intersex advocacy. Such resources can help address and complicate questions about whether (and how) the Bible speaks to the conditions that generate the stigmatizing and dehumanizing treatment of intersex people. After all, the Bible includes reflections about and depictions of eunuchs and circumcised members, thus acknowledging genitalia that have been surgically altered, likely because they operate as one overdetermined site for the accumulation and circulation of a range of significations around difference and identification, desire and power.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Works Cited
Ascough, Richard S. “Bringing Chaos to Order: Historical Memory and the Manipulation of History.” Religion and Theology 15 (2008): 280–303. doi: 10.1163/157430108X376546.
Bohache, Thomas. “‘To Cut or Not to Cut’: Is Compulsory Heterosexuality a Prerequisite for Christianity?” In Take Back the Word, edited by Robert E. Goss and Mona West, 227–239. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2000.
Brooten, Bernadette J. Love Between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Burke, Sean D. “Queering Early Christian Discourse: The Ethiopian Eunuch.” In Bible Trouble: Queer Readings at the Boundaries of Biblical Scholarship, edited by Teresa J. Hornsby and Ken Stone, 175–189. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011.
Carden, Michael. “Genesis/Bereshit.” In The Queer Bible Commentary, edited by Deryn Guest, Robert E. Goss, Mona West, and Thomas Bohache, 21–60. London: SCM Press, 2006.
Chase, Cheryl. “‘Cultural Practice’ or ‘Reconstructive Surgery’? U.S. Genital Cutting, the Intersex Movement, and Medical Double Standards.” In Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood: Disputing U.S. Polemics, edited by Stanlie M. James and Claire C. Robertson 126–151. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2002.
Chase, Cheryl. “Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism.” GLQ 4.2 (1998): 189–211. doi: 10.1215/10642684-4-2-189.
Chase, Cheryl. “Surgical Progress Is Not the Answer to Intersexuality.” In Intersex in the Age of Ethics, edited by Alice Domurat Dreger, 147–159. Hagerstown, MD: University Publishing Group, 1999.
Chase, Cheryl. “What Is the Agenda of the Intersex Patient Advocacy Movement?” Endocrinologist 13.3 (2003): 240–242.
Cheng, Patrick S. “Galatians.” In The Queer Bible Commentary, edited by Deryn Guest, Robert E. Goss, Mona West, and Thomas Bohache, 624–629. London: SCM Press, 2006.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. Why Aren’t Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005.
Dreger, Alice Domurat. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Dreger, Alice Domurat, ed. Intersex in the Age of Ethics. Hagerstown, MD: University Publishing Group, 1999.
Dreger, Alice Domurat and April M. Herndon. “Progress and Politics in the Intersex Rights Movement: Feminist Theory in Action.” GLQ 15.2 (2009): 199–224. doi: 10.1215/10642684-2008-134.
Elliott, Susan. Cutting Too Close for Comfort: Paul’s Letter to the Galatians in Its Anatolian Cultic Context. London: T&T Clark International, 2003.
Eng, David L. Racial Castration: Managing Masculinity in Asian America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
Feder, Ellen K. “Imperatives of Normality: From ‘Intersex’ to ‘Disorders of Sex Development.’” GLQ 15.2 (2009): 225–247. doi: 10.1215/10642684-2008-135.
Gaventa, Beverly Roberts. Our Mother Saint Paul. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2007.
Glancy, Jennifer A. Slavery in Early Christianity. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2006.
Goss, Robert E. Jesus ACTED UP: A Gay and Lesbian Manifesto. San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco, 1993.
Greenberg, Julie A. “International Legal Developments Protecting the Autonomy Rights of Sexual Minorities: Who Should Determine the Appropriate Treatment for an Intersex Infant?” In Ethics and Intersex, edited by Sharon E. Sytsma, 87–101. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.
Gross, Sally. “Intersexuality and Scripture.” Theology and Sexuality 6 (1999): 65–74.
Guest, Deryn. Beyond Feminist Biblical Studies. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2012.
Hales, Shelly. “Looking for Eunuchs: The Galli and Attis in Roman Art.” In Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond, edited by Shaun Tougher, 87–102. London: Duckworth, 2002.
Hegarty, Peter and Cheryl Chase. “Intersex Activism, Feminism and Psychology: Opening a Dialogue on Theory, Research and Clinical Practice.” Feminism and Psychology 10.1 (2000): 117–132.
Hester, J. David. “Eunuchs and the Postgender Jesus: Matthew 19.12 and Transgressive Sexualities.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 28.1 (2005): 13–40.
Hester, J. David. “Intersex and the Rhetorics of Healing.” In Ethics and Intersex, edited by Sharon E. Sytsma, 47–71. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.
Hester, J. David. “Intersex(es) and Informed Consent: How Physicians’ Rhetoric Constrains Choice.” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 25.1 (2004): 21–49.
Holmes, Morgan. “Queer Cut Bodies.” In Queer Frontiers: Millennial Geographies, Genders, and Generations, edited by Joseph A. Boone et al., 84–110. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000.
Hornsby, Teresa J. Sex Texts from the Bible: Selections Annotated and Explained. Woodstock, VT: Skylight Paths, 2007.
Jacobs, Andrew S. Christ Circumcised: A Study in Early Christian History and Difference. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
Kahl, Brigitte. “Der Brief an die Gemeinden in Galatien: Vom Unbehagen der Geschlechter und anderen Problemen des Andersseins.” In Kompendium feministischer Bibelauslegung, edited by Luise Schottroff and Marie-Theres Wacker, 603–611. Gütersloh: Chr. Kaiser Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 1998.
Kahl, Brigitte. Galatians Re-Imagined: Reading with the Eyes of the Vanquished. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2010.
Kahl, Brigitte. “Gender Trouble in Galatia?: Paul and the Rethinking of Difference.” In Is There A Future for Feminist Theology? edited by Deborah F. Sawyer and Diane M. Collier, 57–73. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
Kahl, Brigitte. “No Longer Male: Masculinity Struggles behind Galatians 3:28?” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 79 (2000): 37–49.
Karkazis, Katrina. Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.
Kessler, Gwynn. “Bodies in Motion: Preliminary Notes on Queer Theory and Rabbinic Literature.” In Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses, edited by Todd Penner and Caroline Vander Stichele, 389–409. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Kessler, Gwynn. “Let’s Cross that Body When We Get to It: Gender and Ethnicity in Rabbinic Literature.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 73.2 (2005): 329–359. doi: 10.1093/jaarel/lfi039.
Kessler, Suzanne J. Lessons from the Intersexed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
Kittredge, Cynthia Briggs. Community and Authority: The Rhetoric of Obedience in the Pauline Tradition. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1998.
Kittredge, Cynthia Briggs. “Rethinking Authorship in the Letters of Paul: Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza’s Model of Pauline Theology.” In Walk in the Ways of Wisdom: Essays in Honor of Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, edited by Shelly Matthews, Cynthia Briggs Kittredge, and Melanie Johnson-Debaufre, 318–333. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2003.
Koch, Timothy R. “Cruising as Methodology: Homoeroticism and the Scriptures.” In Queer Commentary and the Hebrew Bible, edited by Ken Stone, 169–180. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2001.
Kuefler, Mathew. The Manly Eunuch: Masculinity, Gender Ambiguity, and Christian Ideology in Late Antiquity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Laqueur, Thomas. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Liew, Tat-Siong Benny. What Is Asian American Hermeneutics?: Reading the New Testament. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2008.
Lightfoot, J. L. “Sacred Eunuchism in the Cult of the Syrian Goddess.” In Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond, edited by Shaun Tougher, 71–86. London: Duckworth, 2002.
Lopez, Davina C. Apostle to the Conquered: Reimagining Paul’s Mission. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2008.
Marchal, Joseph A. “Bodies Bound For Circumcision and Baptism: An Intersex Critique and the Interpretation of Galatians.” Theology and Sexuality 16.2 (2010): 163–182.
Marchal, Joseph A. “‘Making History’ Queerly: Touches across Time through a Biblical Behind.” Biblical Interpretation 19 (2011): 373–395. doi: 10.1163/156851511X595558.
Marchal, Joseph A. “Queer Approaches: Improper Relations with Paul’s Letters.” In Studying Paul’s Letters: Contemporary Perspectives and Methods, edited by Joseph A. Marchal, 209–227. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2012.
Marchal, Joseph A. “Queer Studies and Critical Masculinity Studies in Feminist Biblical Studies.” In Feminist Biblical Studies in the Twentieth Century: Scholarship and Movement, edited by Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, 261–280. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2014.
Marchal, Joseph A. “The Usefulness of an Onesimus: The Sexual Use of Slaves and Paul’s Letter to Philemon.” Journal of Biblical Literature 130.4 (2011): 749–770.
Martyn, J. Louis. Galatians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. New York: Doubleday, 1997.
Martyn, J. Louis. Theological Issues in the Letters of Paul. London: T&T Clark International, 1997.
McNeill, John. The Church and the Homosexual. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1993.
Mollenkott, Virginia Ramey. Omnigender: A Trans-Religious Approach. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2001.
Moore, Stephen D. God’s Beauty Parlor: And Other Queer Spaces In and Around the Bible. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
Morland, Iain. “Postmodern Intersex.” In Ethics and Intersex, edited by Sharon E. Sytsma, 319–332. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.
Moxnes, Halvor. Putting Jesus in His Place: A Radical Vision of Household and Kingdom. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.
Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Preves, Sharon E. Intersex and Identity: The Contested Self. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003.
Richlin, Amy. The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
Roen, Katrina. “Queer Kids: Toward Ethical Clinical Interactions with Intersex People.” In Ethics of the Body: Postconventional Challenges, edited by Margrit Shildrick and Roxanne Mykitiuk, 259–277. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.
Rosario, Vernon A. “Quantum Sex: Intersex and the Molecular Deconstruction of Sex.” GLQ 15.2 (2009): 267–284. doi: 10.1215/10642684-2008-138.
Scholz, Piotr O. Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History. Translated by John A. Broadwin and Shelley L. Frisch. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2001.
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth. But She Said: Feminist Practices of Biblical Interpretation. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1992.
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth. The Power of the Word: Scripture and the Rhetoric of Empire. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2007.
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth. Rhetoric and Ethic: The Politics of Biblical Studies. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 1999.
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth. Wisdom Ways: Introducing Feminist Biblical Interpretation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2001.
Stone, Ken. Practicing Safer Texts: Food, Sex, and Bible in Queer Perspective. London: T&T Clark, 2005.
Stone, Ken. “Queer Commentary and Biblical Interpretation: An Introduction.” In Queer Commentary and the Hebrew Bible, edited by Ken Stone, 11–34. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2001.
Swancutt, Diana M. “Sexing the Pauline Body of Christ: Scriptural Sex in the Context of the American Christian Culture War.” In Toward a Theology of Eros: Transfiguring Passion at the Limits of Discipline, edited by Virginia Burrus and Catherine Keller, 65–98. New York: Fordham University Press, 2006.
Swancutt, Diana M. “Still Before Sexuality: ‘Greek’ Androgyny, the Roman Imperial Politics of Masculinity and the Roman Invention of the Tribas.” In Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses, edited by Todd Penner and Caroline Vander Stichele, 11–61. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Tanis, Justin. Trans-Gendered: Theology, Ministry, and Communities of Faith. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2003.
Taylor, Gary. Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Tolbert, Mary Ann. “Defining the Problem: The Bible and Feminist Hermeneutics.” Semeia 28 (1983): 113–126.
Tolbert, Mary Ann. “Foreword: What Word Shall We Take Back?” In Take Back the Word: A Queer Reading of the Bible, edited by Robert E. Goss and Mona West, vii–xii. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2000.
Trible, Phyllis. Texts of Terror: Literary Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1984.
Villalobos, Manuel. “Bodies Del Otro Lado Finding Life and Hope in the Borderland: Gloria Anzaldúa, the Ethiopian Eunuch of Acts 8:26–40, y Yo.” In Bible Trouble: Queer Readings at the Boundaries of Biblical Scholarship, edited by Teresa J. Hornsby and Ken Stone, 191–221. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011.
Walters, Jonathan. “Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought.” In Roman Sexualities, edited by Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skinner, 29–43. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Walters, Jonathan. “‘No More Than a Boy’: The Shifting Construction of Masculinity from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages.” Gender and History 5 (1991): 20–33.
Williams, Craig A. Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Wilson, Nancy. Our Tribe: Queer Folks, God, Jesus, and the Bible. San Francisco, CA: Harper, 1995.
Wire, Antoinette Clark. The Corinthian Women Prophets: A Reconstruction through Paul’s Rhetoric. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 1990.
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2015 Susannah Cornwall
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Marchal, J.A. (2015). Who Are You Calling a Eunuch?! Staging Conversations and Connections between Feminist and Queer Biblical Studies and Intersex Advocacy. In: Cornwall, S. (eds) Intersex, Theology, and the Bible. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137349019_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137349019_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-56394-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-34901-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Religion & Philosophy CollectionPhilosophy and Religion (R0)