Skip to main content

Pathophysiologic Basis and Application of Spiritual Healing Practices in Chronic Illness

  • Chapter
Chronic Illness, Spirituality, and Healing

Abstract

Ancient healers from diverse spiritual traditions were remarkably keen to the correlation of illness with our emotional self-regulation, attitudes, and perceptions. From their perspective, spirituality encompassed the deepest desires of being human and the ongoing expression and fulfillment through human thoughts, feelings, and actions. As such, spirituality lay at the core of human mental, physical, and emotional health, forming the bedrock of our perceptions, both positive and negative. In these traditions, spirituality facilitated a sense of well-being and connection to life even in the face of stressors such as debilitating or terminal illness. Thus, physical health was always considered within the framework of spiritual health or enlightenment. To be healthy was something far beyond physical cure or physical health. The emphasis was to become whole in mind, body, and spirit with a deliberate focus on integration and acceptance within the limitations of any given disease or circumstance. There was one common pathway to wholeness, which fostered freedom from negative, destructive, or habitual emotional and thought patterns in order to be free for positive, compassionate living grounded in trust and love. The designs of many ancient spiritual or healing practices from a variety of traditions emphasized physical calm, promoted perceptual awareness, and cultivated heartfelt safety and trust.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, J., Julian, P., Hubbard, M., Hartman, J., Baugh, S., Segrest, W., … & Wheelan, K. (2009) A randomized controlled trial of a controlled breathing protocol on heart rate variability following myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinical Rehabilitation, 23(9): 782–789.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, H., Kulkarni, R., Nagarathna, R., & Nagendra, H.R. (2010) Measures of heart rate variability in women following a meditation technique. International Journal of Yoga, 3(1):6–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appelhans, B.M. & Luecken, L.J. (2006) Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding. Review of General Psychology, 10(3): 229–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arias, A.J., Steinberg, K., Banga, A., & Trestman, R.L. (2006) Systemic review of the efficacy of meditation techniques as treatments for medical illness. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 12(8): 817–832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audette, J.F., Jin, Y.S., Newcomer, R., Stein, L., Duncan, G., & Frontera, W. (2006) Tai chi versus brisk walking in elderly women. Age and Ageing, 35: 366–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedell, W. & Kaszkin-Bettag, M. (2010) Coherence and health care cost—RCA actuarial study: A cost-effectiveness cohort study. Alternative Therapies, 16(4): 26–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi, L., Sleight, P., Bandinelli, G., Cencetti, S., Fattorini, L., Wdowczk-Szulc, J., & Lagi, A. (2001) Effect of rosary prayer and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: Comparative study. British Medical Journal, 323: 1446–1449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi, L., Wdowczk-Szulc, J., Valenti, C., Castoldi, S., Passino, C., Spadacini, G., & Sleight, P. (2000) Effects of controlled breathing, mental activity and mental stress with or without verbalization on heart rate variability. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 35(6): 1462–1469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berntson, G., Bigger, T., Eckberg, D.L., Grossman, P., Kaufman, P. G., Malik, M.,… & Maurits, W. (1997) Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34: 623–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernston, G.G., Norman, G.J., Hawkley, L.C., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2008) Spirituality and autonomic cardiac control. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35(2): 198–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassian, J. (2000). The institutes. Ed. Boniface Ramsey. New York: Newman Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, R.Y., Koo, M., Yu, K.Z., Chu, I.T., Hsu, C.T., & Chen C.Y. (2008) The effect of tai chi exercise on autonomic nervous function of patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(9): 1107–1113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Childre, D. & McCraty, R. (2001) Psychophysiological correlates of spiritual experience. Biofeedback, 29(4),: 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtney, R., Cohen, M., & van Dixhoorn, J. (2011) Relationship between dysfunctional breathing patterns and ability to achieve target heart rate variability with features of coherence during biofeedback. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 17(3): 38–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cysarz, D. & Büssing, A. (2005) Cardiorespiratory synchronization during Zen meditation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95: 88–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cysarz, D., von Bonin, D., Lackner, H., Heusser, P., Moser, M., & Bettermann, H. (2004) Oscillations of heart rate and respiration synchronize during poetry reading. American Journal of Physiology and Heart Circulation Physiology, 287: H579–H587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ditto, B., Eclache, M., & Goldman, N. (2006) Short-term autonomic and cardiovascular effects of mindfulness body scan meditation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 32(3): 227–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A. (2007) Thanks: How the new science of gratitude can make you happier. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R.A. & McCullough, M.E. (2004) The psychology of gratitude. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Field, T. (2011) Tai chi research review. Complementary Therapy in Clinical Practice, 17(3): 141–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg, J. P., Berry, M. E., & Powell, D.A. (2010) Cardiac coherence and posttraumatic stress disorder in combat veterans. Alternative Therapies in Health and, Medicine, 16(4): 52–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groff, D.G., Battaglini, C., Sipe, C., Peppercorn, J., Anderson, M., & Hackney, A.C. (2010) Finding a new normal: Using recreation therapy to improve the well being of women with breast cancer. Annual in Therapeutic Recreation, 18: 40–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henepola Gunaratana, B. (2011) Mindfulness in plain English. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J.W. & Stoney, C. M. (2000) Depressed mood is related to high frequency heart rate variability during stressors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62: 796–803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanov, E. (2005) On spectral analysis of heart rate variability during very slow yogic breathing. Conference Procedings IEEE End Medical Biology Society, 3: 2467–2470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005) Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of the body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, NY: Bantam Bell, Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karavidas, M.K., Lehrer, P.M., Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B., Marin, H., Buyske, S., & Hassett, A. (2007) Preliminary results of an open label study of heart rate variability biofeedback for the treatment of major depression. Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 32: 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemper, K.J. & Shaltout, H.A. (2011) Non-verbal communication of compassion: Measuring psychophysiologic effects. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11: 132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalsa, S.B. (2007) Yoga as a therapeutic intervention. In: Lehrer, P.M., Woolfolk, R.L., & Sime, W.E. (eds). Principles and practice of stress management. New York: Guilford Press, 449–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khattab, K., Khattab, A., Ortak, J., Richardt, G. & Bonnemeier, H. (2007) Iyengar yoga increases cardiac parasympathetic nervous modulation among health practitioners. eCAM, 4(4): 511–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristeller, J.L. (2007) Mindfulness meditation. In: Lehrer, P.M., Woolfolk, R.L. & Sime, W.E. (eds). Principles and practice of stress management. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 393–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H., McCullough, M.E. & Larson, D.B. (2001). Handbook of religion and medicine. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kok, B.E. & Fredrickson, B.L. (2010) Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology, 85(3): 432–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulur, A.B., Haleagrahara, N., Adhikary, P. & Jeganathan, P.S. (2009) Effect of diaphragmatic breathing on heart rate variability in ischemic heart disease with diabetes. Argentine Brasilian Cardiology, 92(6): 423–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurita, A., Takase, B., Shinagawa, N., Kodani, E., Okada, K., Iwahara, S.,… & Atarashi, H. (2011) Spiritual activation in very elderly individuals assessed as heart rate variability and plasma IL/10/IL/-6 ratios. International Heart Journal, 52: 299–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, J., Evans, P.D., Ng, S.H., Chong, A., Siu, O.T., Chan, C.,…& Chan, C.C. (2005) Optimism, positive affectivity, and salivary Cortisol. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10: 467–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, R.D., McRae, K., Reiman, E. M., Chen, K., Ahern, G. L., & Thayer, J.F. (2009) Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion. Neuroimage, 44: 213–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.S., Huh, H.J., Kim, B.C., Ryu, H., Lee, H.S., Kim, J.M., & Chung, H.T. (2002) Effects of Qi-training on heart rate variability. American Journal of Chinese Medicin, 30(4): 463–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.S., Kim, M.K., & Lee, Y.H. (2005a). Effects of Qi-therapy (external qigong) on cardiac autonomic tone: A randomized placebo controlled study. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115: 1345–1350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.S., Rim, Y.H., Jeong, D.M., Kim, M.K., Joo, M.C., & Shin, S.H. (2005b). Nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability during qi therapy (external qigong). American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 33(4): 579–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, P., Sasaki, Y., & Saito, Y. (1999). Zazen and cardiac variability. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61: 812–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, P.M. (2007) Biofeedback training to increase heart rate variability. In: Lehrer, P.M., Woolfolk, R.L., & Sime, W.E. (eds). Principles and practice of stress management. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 227–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, P.M., Vaschillo, E., & Vaschillo, B. (2000) Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: Rationale and manual for training. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 25(3): 177–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, P.M., Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B., Lur, S.E., Scardella, A., Siddique, M., & Habib, R.H. (2004) Biofeedback treatment for asthma. Chest, 126: 352–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemaire, J.B., Wallace, J.E., Lewin, A.M., De Grood, J., & Schaefer, J. (2011) The effect of a biofeedback based stress management tool on physician stress: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Open Medicine, 5(4): e154–e163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Libby, D.J., Worhunsky, P.D., Pilver, C.E., & Brewer, J.A. (2012) Meditation-induced changes in high-frequency heart rate variability predict smoking outcomes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6: 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, A., Brett, D., & Wesnes, K. (2010) Coherence training in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Cognitive functions and behavioral changes. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 16(4): 34–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, W.A. & Kuo, C.D. (2003) The effect of tai chi chuan on the autonomic nervous modulation in older persons. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(12): 1972–1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luskin, F., Reitz, M., Newell, K., Quinn, T.G., & Haskell, W. (2002) A controlled pilot study of stress management training of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Preventive Cardiology, 5: 168–172, 176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., & Lipsenthal, L. (2000) Emotional self regulation program enhances psychological health and quality of life in patients with diabetes. Boulder Creek, CA: HeartMath Research Center, Institute of HeartMath, Publication No. 00–006.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Lipsenthal, L., & Arguelles, L. (2009) New hope for correctional officers: an innovative program for reducing stress and health risks. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 34: 251–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Tiller, W.A., Rein, G., & Watkins, A.D. (1995) The effects of emotions on short-term power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability. American Journal of Cardiology, 76(14): 1089–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., & Tomasino, D. (2003) Impact of a workplace stress reduction program on blood pressure and emotional health in hypertensive employees. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 9(3): 355–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Tomasino, D., & Bradley, R. (2006). The coherent heart: Heart- brain interactions, Psychophysiological coherence, and the emergence of system-wide order. Boulder Creek, CA: Institute of HeartMath, Publication 06–022.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Tomasino, D., Goelitz, J., & Mayrovitz, H.N. (1999) The impact of an emotional self-management skills course on psychosocial functioning and autonomic recovery to stress in middle school children. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 34(4): 246–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCraty, R., Barrio-Choplin, B., Rozman, D., Atkinson, M., & Watkins, A.D. (1998) The impact of a new emotional self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA, and Cortisol. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 33(2): 151–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCraty, R. & Childre, D. (2004) The grateful heart: The psychophysiology of appreciation. In: Emmons, RA. & McCullough, M.E. (eds). The psychology of gratitude. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 230–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melville, G.W., Chang, D., Colagiuri, B., Marshall, P., & Cheema, B.S. (2012) Fifteen minutes of chair-based yoga postures or guided meditation performed in the office can elicit relaxation response. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, article ID 501986; doc:10.1155/2012/501986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, S., Quan, H., Rickhi, B., Liu, M., Angen, M., Vintila, R.,… & Toews, J. (2006). A home study-based spirituality education program decreases emotional distress and increases quality of life: A randomized controlled trial. Alternative Therapies, 12(6): 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motooka, M., Koike, H., Yokoyama, T., & Kennedy, N.L. (2006) Effect of dog walking on autonomic nervous activity in senior citizens. Medical Journal of Australia, 184(2): 60–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murata, T., Takahashi, T., Hamada, T., Omori, M., Kosaka, H., Yoshida, H., & Wada, Y. (2004). Individual trait anxiety levels characterizing the properties of Zen meditation. Neuropsychobiology, 50: 189–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nesvol, A., Fagerland, M.W., Davanger, S., Ellingsen, Ø., Solberg, E.E., Holen, A.,… & Atar, D. (2011) Increased heart rate variability during nondirective meditation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 0(00): 1–8. DOI: 10.1177/1741826711414625

    Google Scholar 

  • Oveis, C., Cohen, A.B., Gruber, J., Shiota, M.N., Haidt, J., & Keltner, D. (2009) Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia is associated with tonic positive emotionality. Emotion, 9(2): 265–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, B., Tsunetsugu, Y., Kasetani, T., Hirano, H., Kagawa, T., Sato, M., & Miyazaki, Y. (2007) Physiological effects of shinrin-yoko — Using salivary Cortisol and cerebral activity as indicators. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 26(2): 123–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patra, S. & Telles, S. (2010) Heart rate variability during sleep following the practice of cyclic meditation and supine rest. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 35: 135–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, C.K., Mietus, J.E., Liu, Y., Khalsa, G., Douglas, P.S., Benson, H., & Goldberger, A.L. (1999). Exaggerated heart rate oscillations during two meditation techniques. International Journal of Cardiology, 70: 101–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peressutti, C., Martin-Gonzalez, J.M., Garcia-Manso, J.M., & Mesa, D. (2010) Heart rate dynamics in different levels of Zen meditation. International Journal of Cardiology, 145(1): 142–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phongsuphap, S., Pongsupap, Y., Chandanamattha, P., & Lursinsap, C. (2008) Changes in heart rate variability during concentration meditation. International Journal of Cardiology, 130: 481–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porges, S W. (2007a) The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74: 116–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porges, S.W. (2007b) A phylogenetic journey through the vague and ambiguous Xth cranial nerve: A commentary on contemporary heart rate variability research. Biological Psychology, 74(2): 301–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porges, S.W. (2009) The polyvagal theory: New insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 76 (suppl 2): S86–S90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porges, S.W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, self Regulation. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porges, S.W. & Furman, S.A. (2011) The early development of the autonomic nervous system provides a neural platform for social behavior: A polyvagal perspective. Infant and Child Development, 20(1): 106–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rein G., Atkinson M., & McCraty, R. (1995) The physiological and psychological effects of compassion and anger. Journal for the Advancement of Medicine, 8(2): 7–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., & Glover, D. (2008) A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary Cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5(3): 132–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi-Caruso, F.C., Arena, R., Mendes, R.G., Reis, M.S., Papa, V., & Borghi-Silva, A. (2011) Heart rate autonomic responses during deep breathing and walking in hospitalized patients with chronic heart failure. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(9): 751–757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuragi, S. & Sugiyama, Y. (2006). Effects of daily walking on subjective symptoms, mood, and autonomic nervous function. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 25(4): 281–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santaella, D.F., Devesa, C., Rojo, M., Amato, M., Drager, L., Casali, K.,… & Lorenzi-Filho, G. (2011) Yoga respiratory training improves respiratory function and cardiac sympathovagal balance in elderly subjects: A randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal Open, 1:e000085. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011–000085.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, S., Makita, S., Uchida, R., Ishihara, S., & Masuda, M. (2010) Effect of tai chi training on baroflex sensitivity and heart variability in patients with coronary artery disease. International Heart Journal, 51: 238–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satyapriya, M., Nagendra, H.R., Nagarathna, R., & Padmalatha, V. (2009) Effect of integrated yoga on stress and heart rate variability in pregnant women. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 104(3): 218–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sebastiani, L., D’Alessandro, L., Menicucci, D., Ghelarducci, B., & Santarcangelo, E. (2007) Role of relaxation and specific suggestions in hypnotic emotional numbing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 63: 125–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segerstrom, S., & Nes, L.S. (2007) Heart rate variability reflects self-regulatory strength, effort, and fatique. Psychological Science, 18(3): 275–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D., Cook, I.A., Davydov, D.M., Ottaviani, C., Leuchter, A.F., & Abrams, M. (2007) Yoga as a complementary treatment in depression: Effects of traits and moods on treatment outcome. eCAM, 4(4): 493–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, R.W. (2009) Heart rate variability with deep breathing as a clinical test of cardiovagal function. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 76(1): S37–S40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, R. (2009) Types of prayer, heart rate variability, and innate healing. Zygon, 44(4): 825–846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, R., Leither, T.W., & Sindelir, C. (2011) Benefits of a holistic breathing technique in patients on hemodialysis. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 38(2): 149–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, R.L. & Yan, Y.A. (1992) Effects of various qigong breathing patterns on variability of heart rate. Zhongguo Zhon Xi Yi Jie Tie Za Zhi, 12(9): 527–530, 516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, T., Murata, T., Hamada, T., Omoris, M., Kosaka, H., Kikuchi, M.,… & Wada, Y. (2005). Changes in EEG and autonomic nervous activity during meditation and their association with personality traits. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 55: 199–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Fan, Y., Feng, H., Wang, J., Feng, S., & Fan, M. (2009) Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(22): 8865–8870.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, J.F., Hansen, A.L., Saus-Rose, E., & Johnson, B.H. (2009) Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: The neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37: 141–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thurber, M.R., Bodenhamer-Davis, E., Johnson, M., Chesky, K., & Chandler, C. K. (2010) Effects of heart rate variability coherence biofeedback training and emotional management techniques to decrease music performance anxiety. Biofeedback, 38(1): 28–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsunetsugu, Y., Park, B., Ishii, H., Hirano, H., Kagawa, T., & Miyazaki, Y. (2007) Physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest) in and old-growth broadleaf forest in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 26(2): 135–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Väänänen, J., Xusheng, S., Wang, S., Laitinen, T., Pekkarinen, H., & Länsimies, E. (2002) Taichiquan acutely increases heart rate variability. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 22(1): 2–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dixhoorn, J. (2007) Whole body breathing: A systems perspective on respiratory retraining. In: Lehrer, P.M., Woolfolk, R.L., & Sime W.E. (eds). Principles and practice of stress management . New York: Guilford Press, 290–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vempati, R.P., & Telles, S. (2002). Yoga-based guided relaxation reduces sympathetic activity judged from baseline levels. Psychological Reports, 90: 487–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S.Z., Li, S., Xu, X., Lin, G.P., Shao, L., Zhao, Y., & Wang, T.H. (2010) Effect of slow abdominal breathing combined with biofeedback on blood pressure and heart rate variability in prehypertension. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(10): 1039–1045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolever, R.Q., Bobinet, K.J., McCabe, K., Mackenzie, E.R., Fekete, E., Kusnick, C.A., & Baime, M. (2012) Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(2): 246–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S., & Lo, P. (2008) Inward attention meditation increases parasympathetic activity: A study based on heart rate variability. Biomedical Research, 29(5): 245–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, G.Y., Wayne, P.M., & Phillips, R.S. (2008) Tai chi exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Medicine and Sports Science, 52: 195–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ysauma, F. & Hayano, J. (2004) Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Why does heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? Chest, 125: 683–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yurtkuran, M., Alp, A., Yurtkuran, M., & Dilek, K. (2007). A modified yoga-based exercise program in Hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 15: 164–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2013 Michael J. Stoltzfus, Rebecca Green, and Darla Schumm

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stanley, R. (2013). Pathophysiologic Basis and Application of Spiritual Healing Practices in Chronic Illness. In: Stoltzfus, M.J., Green, R., Schumm, D. (eds) Chronic Illness, Spirituality, and Healing. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137348456_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics