Abstract
Studies of national and regional identity have long been a staple of British and European historiography. In German historiography, the development of nationalism and national unification is well-charted territory, as is the importance of discourses of Heimat and Volk.1 The persistence of strong local and regional allegiances, particularly in the southern German states, is equally wellknown.2 A similar trajectory can be found in British historiography. Historians such as Linda Colley have explored the creation of a common British identity and a sense of Britishness during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The emergence of particular notions of Englishness has attracted the attention of scholars such as Peter Mandler.3 Both relate to wider discussions concerning the role of the nation-state in modern history. At the same time, the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were also periods of globalization, with an increase in international and intercontinental travel, as well as a significant degree of mobility of ideas and goods.4 While this perhaps never came as a surprise to historians of Britain, who have long dealt with Britain’s engagement with the rest of the world, historians of Germany have only begun to embrace this new global history more recently. The past two decades have witnessed an increasing proliferation of studies that seek to place German history in its global context.5
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Alon Confino, Germany as a Culture of Remembrance: Promises and Limits of Writing History (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006);
Krista O’Donnell, Renate Bridenthal and Nancy Reagin (eds.), Heimat Abroad: The Boundaries of Germanness (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2005);
Peter Blickle, Heimat: A Critical Theory of the German Idea of Homeland (Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2002).
See for instance the contributions in James Retallack and David Blackbourn (eds.), Localism, Landscape and the Ambiguities of Place: German-Speaking Central Europe, 1860–1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007).
Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992);
Peter Mandler, The English National Character: The History of an Idea from Edmund Burke to Tony Blair (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006).
Emma Rothschild, ‘Globalization and the Return of History,’ Foreign Policy, 115 (1999), 107;
Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 91–112.
Heinz-Gerhard Haupt and Jürgen Kocka (eds.), Comparative and Transnational History: Central European Approaches and New Perspectives (Oxford: Berghahn, 2010);
Sebastian Conrad, Globalisation and the Nation in Imperial Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Peter Fleming, Bayonets to Lhasa: The First Full Account of the British Invasion of Tibet in 1904 (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961);
Gordon T. Stewart, Journeys to Empire: Enlightenment, Imperialism, and the British Encounter with Tibet, 1774–1904 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
James Hilton, The Lost Horizon (Chichester: Summersdale, 1933, 2003);
see also Martin Brauen, Traumwelt Tibet: Westliche Trugbilder (Bern: Paul Haupt, 2000).
Maurice Isserman and Stewart Weaver, Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), chs. 3–5.
Tom Neuhaus, Tibet in the Western Imagination (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012);
Michael McRae, In Search of Shangri-La: The Extraordinary True Story of the Quest for the Lost Horizon (London: Penguin, 2002);
Charles Allen, A Mountain in Tibet: The Search for Mount Kailas and the Sources of the Great Rivers of India (London: Deutsch, 1982);
Christopher Hale, Himmler’s Crusade: The True Story of the 1938 Nazi Expedition into Tibet (London: Bantam, 2003);
Peter Mierau, Die deutsche Himalaja-Stiftung: ihre Geschichte und ihre Expeditionen (München: Bergverlag Rother, 1999).
Peter L. Bayers, Imperial Ascent: Mountaineering, Masculinity, and Empire (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2003), 101.
Peter H. Hansen, ‘Confetti of Empire: The Conquest of Everest in Nepal, India, Britain and New Zealand,’ Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42: 2 (2000), 307–332.
Peter Mierau, Nationalsozialistische Expeditionspolitik: Deutsche Asien-Expeditionen 1933–1945 (München: Herbert Utz Verlag, 2006), 520.
Mark Walker, Karin Orth, Ulrich Herbert and Rüdiger vom Bruch (eds.), The German Research Foundation 1920–1970: Funding Poised Between Science and Politics (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2013);
Hannsjost Lixfeld, ‘The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Umbrella Organizations of German “Volkskunde” during the Third Reich,’ Asian Folklore Studies, 50 (1991), 95–116.
See also Hans Fischer, Völkerkunde im Nationalsozialismus: Aspekte der Anpassung, Affinität und Behauptung einer wissenschaftlichen Disziplin (Berlin & Hamburg: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1990), 52.
Michael Kater, Das Ahnenerbe der SS, 1935–1945: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1974).
Richard Finsterwalder, Die geodätischen und photogrammetischen Aufgaben der Deutschen Himalaja-Expedition 1934 (Berlin: Wichmann, 1934), 3.
Gerald Bullett, Germany, with a Chapter on German Tourism and Mountaineering (London: A & C Black, 1930), 172.
Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming, From the Hebrides to the Himalayas (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1876), 104.
Charles Bell, Major Morshead, Prof. Turner and Major Wheeler, ‘The Gorge of the Arun: A Discussion,’ Geographical Journal, 62 (1923), 173.
Alex McKay, ‘“It seems he is an enthusiast about Tibet”: Lieutenant-Colonel James Guthrie, OBE (1906–71),’ Journal of Medical Biography, 13 (2005), 134.
John Hunt and Edmund Hillary, ‘The Ascent of Mount Everest,’ The Geographical Journal, 119 (1953), 386.
Bampfylde Duller, Studies of Indian Life and Sentiment (London: J. Murray, 1910), 18.
Francis Younghusband, India and Tibet: A History of the Relations Which Have Subsisted Between the Two Countries from the Time of Warren Hastings to 1910; With a Particular Account of the Mission to Lhasa of 1904 (London: John Murray, 1910), 420.
Ernst Karl and Franz Schneider, Erdkunde für höhere Schulen, 4. Heft: Die Ostfeste (Frankfurt: Moritz Diesterweg, 1937), 74.
See Alex McKay, Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre 1904–1947 (Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 2009), 255–257.
Katharine D. Kennedy, ‘Regionalism and Nationalism in South German History Lessons, 1871–1914,’ German Studies Review, 12 (1989), 11–33.
See Martina Steber, Ethnische Gewissheiten: Die Ordnung des Regionalen im bayerischen Schwaben vom Kaiserreich bis zum NS-Regime (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010);
Thomas Lekan, ‘Regionalism and the Politics of Landscape Preservation in the Third Reich,’ Environmental History 4 (1999), 385.
John Hanbury-Tracy, Black River of Tibet (London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1938), 24.
Frederick Smythe, The Kangchenjunga Adventure (London: Victor Gollancz, 1930), 14.
Paul Bauer (ed.), Himalayan Quest: The German Expeditions to Siniolchum and Nanga Parbat (London: Nicholson and Watson Ltd., 1938), 3.
John A. Williams, Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism and Conservation, 1900–1940 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), 3.
Ernst Grob, Ludwig Schmaderer and Herbert Paidar, Zwischen Kantsch und Tibet: Erstbesteigung des Tent-Peak, 7363m. Bildertagebuch einer neuen Sikkim-Kundfahrt der “Drei im Himalaja” (München: Verlag F. Bruckmann, 1940), 111.
Douglas Valder Duff, On the World’s Roof (London: Blackie & Son, [1949]).
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Neuhaus, T. (2015). Cosmopolitan Highlanders: Region and Nation in Anglo-German Encounters in the Himalayas, 1903–1945. In: Rüger, J., Wachsmann, N. (eds) Rewriting German History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347794_4
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