Abstract
The concept of citizenship has traditionally been defined with reference to Marshall’s distinction between three types of citizenship rights: negative, political, and positive rights. Negative rights include civil rights such as religious freedom, privacy, while political rights focus on the right to participate in politics through election and freedom of association; positive rights include those rights that are necessary in order to have a minimum standard of living, that is, welfare rights including access to education, health care, minimum income (Marshall 1950/1973). Citizenship consequently means enjoying these rights that the territorial state and its institutions set out to protect for its members and, in the case of positive rights, to guarantee.
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© 2013 Peter Seeberg and Zaid Eyadat
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Sater, J. (2013). Citizenship and Migration in Arab Gulf Monarchies. In: Seeberg, P., Eyadat, Z. (eds) Migration, Security, and Citizenship in the Middle East. The Modern Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137345417_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137345417_2
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