Abstract
Tenure security in land is considered crucial in order to stimulate investment and create economic growth, for three reasons; higher expected returns from investment, better functioning land markets allowing land transfers to more efficient producers, and better access to credit (Demsetz, 1967; Besley, 1995; Brasselle et al., 2002). Land allocation has played a special role in China as a key resource that has been shared based on strong equity principles in rural areas where land has been the main resource pillar of the economy (Carter and Yao, 1998; Jacoby et al., 2002). Various forms of collective and individual management have been tested with varying success, but a breakthrough came with the Household Responsibility System from the late 1970s which has stimulated strong economic growth since the 1980s. This reform primarily focused on agricultural land which was allocated to individual households and enhanced private production incentives. A similar reform, the ‘Three Fixes’ policy, was started for forest land from 1981, and by 1986 nearly 70 percent of the collectively-owned forest land had been transferred to individual household management (Xu and Jiang, 2009). The experiences from this reform were mixed and less positive in southern China, causing a partial reversal of the reform. However, the subsequent relatively poor performance of the forestry sector leading to low generation of revenues and poor forest management led to a second forest tenure reform after year 2000, again with a stronger emphasis on forest management by individual households.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albers, HJ., Rozelle, S. and Guo, L. (1998) ‘China’s Forests under Economic Reform: Timber Supplies, Environmental Protection, and Rural Resource Access’, Contemporary Economic Policy, 16, 22–33.
Besley, T. (1995) ‘Property Rights and Investment Incentives: Theory and Evidence from Ghana’, Journal of Political Economy, 103(5), 903–37.
Brandt, L., Rozelle, S. and Turner, M.A. (2002) ‘Local Government Behavior and Property Rights Formation in Rural China’, Working Paper No. 02–004, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis.
Brasselle, A.S., Gaspart, R and Platteau, J.P. (2002) ‘Land Tenure Security and Investment Incentives: Puzzling Evidence from Burkina Faso’, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 67(2), 373–418.
Carter, M. andYao, Y. (1998) ‘Property Rights, Rental Markets, and Land in China’, Working Paper, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Demsetz, H. (1967) ‘Towards a Theory of Property Rights’, The American Economic Review, 57(2), 347–59.
Holden, S.T., Deininger, K. and Ghebru, H. (2009) ‘Impacts of Low-cost Land Certification on Investment and Productivity’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91(2), 359–73.
Holden, S. T., Xu, J. and Jiang, X. (2011) ‘Collective versus Individual Property: Tenure Security and Forest Tenure Reforms in China’, Centre for Land Tenure Studies Working Paper No. 04/11. Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As.
Holden, S.T. and Yohannes, H. (2002) ‘Land Redistribution, Tenure Insecurity and Input Intensity: A Study of Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia’, Land Economic, 78(4), 573–90.
Jacoby, H., Li, G. and Rozelle, S. (2002) ‘Hazards of Expropriation: Tenure Insecurity and Investment in Rural China’, The American Economic Review, 92(5), 1420–47.
Kennedy, J.J., Rozelle, S. and Yaojiang, S. (2004) ‘Elected Leaders and Collective Land: Fanners’ Evaluation of Village Leaders’ Performance in Rural China’, Journal of Chinese Political Science, 9(1), 1–22.
Kijima, Y., Sakurai, T. and Otsuka, K. (2000) ‘Iriaichi: Collective vs. Individualized Management of Community Forests in Postwar Japan’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(4), 867–86.
Kong, X., Guo, Y. and Li, S. (2006) ‘On Influence of Collective Forest Property Reform to Economy at Village Level’, Forestry Economics, 171(10), 17–21.
Liu, D. and Edmunds, D. (2003) ‘Devolution as a Means of Expanding Local Forest Management in South China. Lessons from the Past 20 Years’, in Hyde, W.F., Belcher, B. and Xu, J. (eds), China’s Forests: Global Lessons from Market Reforms (Washington D.C. Resources for the Future Press).
Rozelle, S., Brandt, L., Gou, L. and Huang, J. (2002) ‘Land Rights in China: Facts, Fictions, and Issues’, China Journal, 47, 61-91.
Wang, X. (2008) ‘Making Sense of Village Politics in China: Institutions, Participation, and Governance’, PhD dissertation, Department of Political Science, Georgia State University, Georgia.
Xu, J. and Jiang, X. (2009) ‘Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China: Outcomes and Implications’, Paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Land Governance, 9–10 March.
Yi, Y. (2011) ‘Property Rights, Tenure Security and Forest Investment Incentives: In the Context of China’s Collective Forest Tenure Reform Since 2003’, MScthesis, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg.
Yin, R. (1998) ‘Forestry and the Environment in China: The Cunent Situation and Strategic Choices’, World Development, 26(12), 2153–67.
Yin, R., Xu, J. and Li, Z. (2003) ‘Building Institutions for Markets: Experiences and Lessons from China’s Rural Forest Sector’, Environment, Development ana Sustainability, 5(3-4), 333–51.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2013 Stein T. Holden, Yuanyuan Yi, Xuemei Jiang and Jintao Xu
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Holden, S.T., Yi, Y., Jiang, X., Xu, J. (2013). Tenure Security and Investment Effects of Forest Tenure Reform in China. In: Holden, S.T., Otsuka, K., Deininger, K. (eds) Land Tenure Reform in Asia and Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137343819_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137343819_11
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-46586-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-34381-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)